Lean Operation and Supply Chain Management Textile Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2022 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Fashion Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? There is an increasing concern on lean operation and supply chain management in the textile and apparel industry which has changed significantly over last decades, due to global sourcing and price competition. One of the main reason for the interest in supply chain management caused by apparel industrys unique characteristics, such as fast fashion and short product lifecycle. At present, lean operation and supply chain management played an important role in textile and apparel. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Lean Operation and Supply Chain Management Textile Industry" essay for you Create order This essay illustrates how an apparel company, Zara, achieved a tremendous success by take advantage of the practice of lean operation and supply chain. Lean operation mainly focuses on eliminating waste and minimizing the time between a customers order and delivery. Lean concept is a much faster, better and less-expensive way of get the right done at the right place. It not only attempts to eliminate material waste, but also the reduce time in order to enhance efficiency and improve processes. In other word, Lean operation allows Zara to get low cost advantage and short lead times over its competitors. 2.Zaras operation management practice Zara demonstrates clear advantages over its rivals by lean operations. Zara applies the latest software application and unique business strategies to ensure that its overall capabilities are developed to their full potential. This leads Zaras business procedures performing more efficiently throughout all levels of the business. This allows Z ara to not only update all relevant information, but also monitor and evaluate information such as sales, returns or pricing. These enhancements mean that efficiency is improved in all aspects of the supply chain. sales can be precisely monitored at POS terminals across all stores allows Zara to recognize when necessary strategic decisions need to be made in relation to supply and demand. Such communication between stores and other levels of the supply chain . This in turn makes sure that the alignment between the demand at store level and the supply at its headquarters is optimal. Therefore stock control is more precise; shipment and replenishment is more efficient and ordering time is minimal. Zaras success is partly depend on such lean operation and effective communication from customer to store manager, from retail sector to design section and from production to distribution. it takes advantage of lean operation in order to take control of almost every aspect of design, ma rketing, production, retailing and distribution. A constant cooperation throughout every step of Zaras supply chain provides competitive advantages to Zaras fast fashion strategy, information flow transfer among customers, store managers, marketing employee ,designers, production employee, warehouse managers and distributors managers, and so on. Zara has made significantly efforts to ensure each progress is very efficient and information flow transfer easier to facilitate operational procedures, performance assessment, and the location of every store and office layouts. It shows that operation management is one of major activities for Zara to support its fast fashion system. it is effective solution to connect all of Zaras operations worldwide network and automating processes. this lean practices is entirely compatible to Zaras supply chain. Zara use such system to differ substantially from its competitors. Zara invests on prompt lean pratices. To keep up with fast reaction to busin ess procedural changes, supply chain management will probably ensure flexibility and quick response. 2.1 Lean operation used in design progess Today, many people still take a narrow view of lean opearion, they view lean operation as cost reduction, mainly in terms of the costs they can save. Cost control is definitely an important part of lean operation. After all, if your rivirals can produce their products at a much lower cost, they could easily take over the market. However, some smart company view lean operation as their marketing plan and adding value for their customers. For instance, Zaras design involves in many efficient lean practices ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which only design products the customer demand. All processes performed just for the sake of creating customers Value. The lean manufacturer minimizes resources that are not only raw materials but also manpower and time. The lean criteria is that all activities, movement, resources and other input convert into final product efficiently. Zara has applied such lean criteria successfully. Product development is constantly working in order to adapt to new fashion trends . Designers and managers attend high-fashion fairs and exhibitions to obtain fashion information and then convert the latest fashion trends of the season into their designs. Other sources of design inspiration come from TV, Internet, film content or trend spotters. product development teams focus on venues such as university campuses and clubs around the world to capture fashion trends and customer preferences. Zaras product development teams have frequent dialogue via their internal IT system. Zara gave significant autonomy to each store manager in deciding the quantity of product needed by each store. Moreover, the store manager is able to decide which product to display in their stores and which product is to be sold at a reduced price. The managers responsibility is to make these decision based on market research and sales trends. Moreover, by employing young and fashionable member of staff ensures that employees also contribute by helping to report the sales analysis, th e product life cycles, and the store trends to the designers. There are specialized teams in headquarters to analyze feedbacks and information from each store, then design and produce their products. These sales analyses allow the designers to develop the right products to meet consumer Demand. Design team issues up to approximately 12,000 new design styles per year. Such a design concept obviously depends on the regular creation of new design. For example, Zaras designer team came up with approximately 40,000 new designs per year, from which only slightly more than one-quarter of them for production. Zara often follows the fashion trends of the high-fashion houses and offers similar products at much lower prices by using less expensive fabric. It also attempts to offer more colors and larger range of sizes to meet the need of consumers. After a prototype of new design was selected, a computer-aided design system is used to refine colors and textures. Limited number of new items were produced and presented in certain stores for a trial period and large volumes of the product are produced only if customerÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s reaction is positive. As a consequence, failure rates on new products is only 1% which is less than the average rate of 10% of other fashion retailers. 2.2 Lean Manufacture In fashion industry, the demand changes very fast due to new fashion trends and a volatile market situation. This demand is unpredictable and could vary and change completely in a short time, creating high difficulties for supply chain. To establish a lean supply chain is one crucial way for textile and apperal retailing company to enhance its performance and to gain competitive advantages. Zara has adopted lean manufacturing and combined this with practices in supply chain management for fashion retailing. In some extend, the lean manufacturing and supply chain management have become an universal solution in the apparel and textile industry. Zara has been able to obtain excellent success due to its lean manufacturing by vertical integration and fast fashion business strategies which provide Zara with a competitive advantage over traditional fashion retailers in the industry. Generally speaking, apparel retailers always try to keep lower costs by outsourcing production to develo ping countries where the lowest labor could reduce its manufacture cost. On the other hand, ZaraÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s subsidiary retailing chain adopted a successful diverse method of doing business through working through the whole value chain by in-house design, production, distribution and retailing. Highly capital intensity and vertical integration is a distinctive feature of ZaraÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s business model. From the upstream value chain, a subsidiary of Zara company, Comdietel, funnels fabric and other input supplied by external suppliers. More than half of the fabric was undyed which provide maximum flexibility to produce in-season clothes. Comdietel is able to dye and process gray fabric into certain pattern within only one week to meet the requirement of downstream value chain. Zara has 20 fully owned manufacture factories across the Europe. These factories use capital intensive production processes and provide cut garment and semi-manu factured products to approximately 500 in-house workshops. The relevant cutting machines and other systems produce semi-manufactured items and cut garments which will be transited directly into workshops. The progress looks rigmarole, but it is quite efficient because bar codes track the cut pieces through the every production steps. Workshops are located in labor-intensive areas across Europe such as Spain and northern Portugal. These workshops manufacture clothes in small scale to offer specialization in product type. The sewn clothes were sent back from these workshops to various product line under different brands. The center will inspect, iron and fold before sending finished garment to distribution center. The secret of ZaraÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s success is that vertical integration leads to short turnaround times and great flexibility. By implementing in-house production, zara has obtained high level of variety, quantity and frequency of new styled clothes. Zara adopts market orientation by reducing lead-times and increasing flexibility. Zara is able to upgrade products in its stores within 10 to 15 days from design to stores. Vertical integration decreased ZaraÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s stock to a minimum level and reduced fashion risk. In the mean time, providing small amount of products in a great variety of styles rendered Zara shorter lead times and high level flexibility. As a consequence of offering fewer amount of product more often, Zara obtains larger percentages of the full price due to in-season sell and thus achieve higher net margins on sales. By focusing on shorter response times to fashion trends and keeping up with fashion. Zara made efforts to make sure that its stores are able to offer latest fashion items that consumers desired at a given time. Zara can move from coming up a design to having clothes in its stores within 2 weeks. Short lead times is Zara one of the most important competitive advantages over its competitors. When ZaraÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s retail stores provide consumer with latest fashion items and gain huge amount of sales, its competitors have still struggled to catch up. In comparison, HMÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s lead time is more than 20 days. Traditional retailers use 4-6 months . 2.3 Distribution Excellent supply chain management mainly focus on the understanding and balancing three key dimensions of flexibility, inventory and cost. Zara is obvious example for it by managing these trade-offs efficiently. Zaras supply chains has improved business performance and drive competitive advantage. Improving supply chain management is considered as its the business model which resulted in rapid growth and profitability. A more systematic approach to inventory distribution is another feature of Zara. Each retail chain has its own centralized distribution system. Distribution center is located in Arteixo and small satellite centers across the world. In order to keep its stores refreshed with new merchandise every two weeks, the warehouses of Zara is simply a place to transfer merchandise rather than store them. Under IndetexÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s distribution system, most of merchandise stayed at the distribution centers for only few hours. Products are inspected and shipped immediately in distribution center. Store managers can check lists of items available to be shipped to their stores. Based on their store inventories, they can request quantities and type of products. However, ZaraÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s international expansion required constant adjustment on distribution. Zara schedules the shipment by time zone to make sure distribute effectively. Zara uses this method to gain a competitive advantage by minimizing the lead times. 3.Conclusions Zara is experiencing significant growth and has great opportunity to continue that growth by its efficient lean practice in design and manufacturing process and effective supply chain management that is completely contrary to the rest of the clothing industry; Zara has possess a competitive advantage for itself in the sense of low prices and quick cycle times, introducing new fashions. For Zara, supply chain management is a strategic differentiator that leads to a competitive edge. Su pply chain management is more than a new name for logistic. Lean operation is not just concerned about cost control, Zara views its lean operation and supply chain as key strategy of its business models. The case study on Zara

The Effects Of Parental Involvement On Children s...

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Ethics of Euthanasia Free Essays

Courtney Thorne Professor Chesire English 1100, Section 48 7 December 2012 Euthanasia One of the most hotly debated topics going on through the government is the one concerning the ethics of euthanasia also known as assisted suicide. Euthanasia comes from the Greek language meaning ‘Good death’. Euthanasia is suicide, but with the help of a doctor. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics of Euthanasia or any similar topic only for you Order Now The government and people argue about whether it should be legalized or not, this is because it can be seen as unethical and it taking the ills life. I think assisted suicide should be legal because we have the right and moral obligation to euthanize our beloved pets when they are suffering and in pain†¦ why are we not morally obligated to provide the same options for ourselves and our loved ones who have no quality of life? Euthanasia fascinates me because not much people of my age are aware of what it is exactly and how much that it could actually help out in the society if it was to be legalized. Euthanasia should be legalized we have ‘the peoples rights’, it cost more to keep someone on life support and it is a way out of unnecessary suffering for the ill. I was interested in researching this topic because I don’t think this topic gets as much attention as I think it should. I am all for assisted suicide and believe people should not be denied their wishes when they want to end their pain when they are terminally ill. However, I was open to learning more about the opposite stance and what the reasons for opposition were. Which I understand that some people are not for euthanasia, but with you reading my essay I hope to persuade you to take in some of my ideas that I will explain to you throughout my paper. I wondered how someone could just deny the peoples right of wanting to pass when they are terminally ill. There are two main kinds of euthanasia; one is voluntary euthanasia which refers to the action taken by the physician and the patient, who both agree to end the patient’s life with an informed consent. Then there is involuntary euthanasia that refers to a third party taking a patient’s life without the informed consent (like putting and animal down). There are more people for euthanasia than what I expected there too be. This graph shows the debate on whether people are for or against euthanasia. They selected random people and were asked whether they were for euthanasia becoming legal or not. Euthanasia should be legal to save the terminally ill from the unnecessary suffering they face and the families of the terminally ill. We all have our rights being an American, but our country sometimes does not agree with those rights like wanting the right to die. Being an American we should enjoy a right guaranteed in the European Declaration of Human Rights, the right not to be forced to suffer. People who are terminally ill and know there is no life to look forward to should not have to live everyday suffering and make their family suffer with them by watching them, if they want to die by assisted suicide they should be allowed that right and not deny it. I feel like if it was my family member suffering I would suffer watching them suffer and I don’t think that’s fair to me or my family. We use euthanasia on our animals as an act of kindness why can we give humans the same act of kindness and with their consent? Keeping someone alive against their will in my book is morally wrong, and assisted suicide should be legal for those that consent to die that way. People who do not understand the concept of what euthanasia is see it as being morally wrong. The government has set laws against euthanasia because they think they are trying to prevent abuse and to protect the people. People who are against euthanasia see it as an easy way out of their suffering. Most of us who do not understand what euthanasia is fully do not understand why it should be legal, and that when they hear â€Å"suicide† they automatically think â€Å"bad†. Euthanasia is not about the right to die it is about the right to kill. I think the main argument for the support of euthanasia and assisted suicide is that people should have the right to control their life and death, and should be able to end their lives when they wish. People who are terminally ill tend to be on a machine to keep them alive. In this fact of matter is the doctor or the nurses are playing god to their patients by keeping them alive, on a machine. I think we should be able to play god for once and choose our death. For example someone with ALS who is on a machine breathing for them, the machine is keeping them alive and being their god. Why can’t they be their own god and decided if they want to die by assisted suicide? Keeping someone alive and playing god for them isn’t the ethical thing to do. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, better known as â€Å"Dr. Death† was one doctor known as playing the role of â€Å"god†. Dr Jack Kevorkian was the only doctor to let people have their dying wish. This is a passage from Terry Youk; Jack Kevorkian helped terry’s brother with assisted suicide. I of course felt that Jack [Kevorkian] never should have gone to prison I don’t believe that the medical service that he provided my brother and others is a crime. I think people look back and see that Jack was the only person that was willing to stand up during a divisive time and fight for what should be a right for all human beings to have choices at the end of their life. I think Ja ck provided for people that had fallen through the cracks of the health care system a way to die with some peace and dignity. Ultimately, Jack Kevorkian was our only option†¦ I am very grateful to Jack Kevorkian. I feel like he was a compassionate practitioner for my brother at the end of his life. † Feb. 25, 2009 – Terry Youk. I think people should be their own god and choose their own path to death even if it means euthanasia it’s their choice and their consent. With this comes the cost of keeping someone on life support or a machine to help them breath. Life support can cost between $9,000 to $15,000 a year. Drugs for assisted suicide cost up to $45 for each death. So it’s cheaper to let someone die by assisted suicide and have their consent than to keep them on life support. The counter argument for this is clear that people who are not for the legalization of assisted suicide say that the only person that can play god is god himself. God is the only one who can make the decision on when the right time for us to die is. People think that assisted suicide is morally wrong and god has planned their life to be that way and lived that way. They say that god plans out your life for a certain reason and you should just live the way he has made it for you, even if that means suffering. This is a religious view of why euthanasia should not be legalized. Certain religions think that if you choose euthanasia you will go to hell because god did not seek this out to be their path. â€Å"I am dying. There’s no sense and trying to deny that fact†. This is a quote is from Craig Ewert a patient that decided to die by euthanasia. Craig had ALS and decided he didn’t want to live a life where he couldn’t do anything for himself so he passed with assisted suicide. The way he died was the doctor provided him medicine to drink that would stop his heart. Assisted suicide may not be right in some people’s mind, but in reality the one choosing euthanasia isn’t harming anyone because it is their life and they should be in control of what they do without being judged. Euthanasia is a highly debated subject when it is talked about. Euthanasia should be legal to perform in the United States to end the suffering of the terminally ill, that do not want to live a life where they can’t do anything but suffer and watch the ones they love suffer because they are suffering. Making it legal also gives us more of a people’s choice and us to play or own god and not have someone else make the decisions for us. Euthanasia in my point of view should be legal because it is morally wrong to deny someone their wish in dying and taking their rights from them. Work Cited International Task Force on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide â€Å"Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Frequently Asked Questions,† www. internationaltaskforce. org, Jan. 2010 â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† www. nternationaltaskforce. org (accessed May 27, 2010) â€Å"Statement on Euthanasia,† on www. usccb. org, Sep. 12, 1991 â€Å" Terry Youk,† http://euthanasia. procon. org/view. source. php? sourceID=009779 , April 28th. 2010 Stephanie Clayton. â€Å"This House Believes that assisted suicide should be legalized. † idebate. org. 16 Feb 2012. idebate. org, Web. 26 Oct 2012. http://idebate. org/debatabase/debates/philosophy/house-believes-assisted-suicide -should-be-legalized How to cite Ethics of Euthanasia, Essay examples

Develop Systems to Involve Stakeholders in the Planning free essay sample

Module 5: Planning for Change: Project planning Module aims This module will help you facilitate stakeholders to work from an understanding of resource management issues to a project design. Specifically, it covers how to facilitate a: ? Solutions tree activity. ?Participatory impact assessment activity. ?Discussion of project options. Topics 5. 1Developing a solutions tree 5. 2Assessing social, economic and ecological impacts 5. 3Selecting options 5. 4Checklist of project planning issues IntroductionThe previous modules have taken project staff and stakeholders through a process of understanding resource management issues, and their social and economic context. The next stage in a participatory resource management program is planning. During this stage, facilitators working with the project can use the activities in this module involve stakeholders to develop potential solutions and selection appropriate options for development into a project plan. Topic 5. 1 Developing a solutions treeOnce the causes of resource management issues have been analysed, stakeholders are in a better position to develop targeted strategies to address some of the ‘root causes’. The solutions tree activity that follows works with the outputs of the Participatory Problem Analysis (Topic 3. 3) to develop potential solutions to the identified causes of the resource management problems. It is important to clarify that not all of the solutions identified in a solutions tree would be picked up in a project plan. In any event, time, skill and money constraints are likely to limit the ability of projects to tackle a problem from every possible angle.Therefore, the solution tree activity discussed overleaf aims to provide a logical basis for considering alternative solutions and planning for the implementation of the solutions selected. After the potential solutions have been identified, stakeholders can discuss criteria for choosing between alternative strategies to develop into a project map (see Module 6). The activities solutions tree activity can also identify potential areas for action that stakeholders may be able to work on outside of the project framework. Activity: Developing a â€Å"Solutions tree†Purpose To show stakeholders how the problem analysis can be used to identify solutions and possible activities for the pilot project. To better understand what stakeholders believe are possible solutions and valid activities for the pilot project. The identification of solutions at this stage is not final. The options are assessed and discussed. A ‘project map’ is later developed for the set of objectives and actions that are likely to gain the greatest benefit with the least negative consequences (the greatest ‘net’ benefit). Participants:Stakeholders who have worked on the participatory problem analysis process follow on to this activity. Materials: Flip-chart paper Post-it notes Coloured marker pens. Preparation: Organise the workspace to enable groups of up to 5-6 to work on the task. Time: 1 ? to 2 hours Steps: 1. Ask participants to review their problem tree and make any needed revisions based on further thoughts and discussions on possible underlying causes. 2. When they are finished with revisions, invite participants to construct a Solutions Tree by converting each ‘problem’ (the negative statement) into a future positive action.For example, the negative statement ‘lack of public awareness of the impact of waste on water quality’ may be converted to a positive action such as ‘increase public awareness of the impact of waste on water quality’. 3. As participants work, ask them to keep checking the logic of the relationship between different levels to ensure that activities clearly address the problem. Do this by asking IF†¦THEN as you move up the chart (see figure below on â€Å"checking the logic of the solutions tree†). They could do this by asking IF we do the positive action, THEN will the specific problem to which the action is related be alleviated?This is sometimes known as the IF †¦ THEN test. An example would be the question: IF we increase public awareness of the impact of waste on water quality THEN will we reduce ignorance of the impact of waste on water quality? If the answer is ‘yes’, the logic of the solutions tree holds firm. Think creatively and holistically about the solution! 4. If there is any problem with the logic of the solutions tree, you may need to rephrase the positive action. There could be an error in the logic in the Problem Tree so check this also. 5.Check the solutions tree to see if the solutions that may have come up in earlier discussions by participants are represented. If they are not, ask why not? Was the problem tree correct? Perhaps the problem tree needs further revisions? Go back and make more changes to the problem tree if necessary. 5Ask each group to present their work to the others. Checking the Logic of Solutions Tree Check that the lower box will lead to what is written at the box on the next level, and so on. This will help to make sure that the actions on the solutions tree flow logically.Source: (adapted from Worah et al. , 1999) Example: Solutions tree to address chemical pollution of coastal waters from Niue Topic 5. 2 Assessing the social, economic and ecological impacts of possible solutions Any potential solution is likely to have ecological, social and economic impacts. It will, for instance, have intended ecological impacts because the objective of the project will be to alter resource management practices. The solution would also have economic and social impacts because it involves changing behaviour and thereby changing people’s access to wealth and resources.At the same time the project may also generate unanticipated ecological, social and economic impacts. To select the ‘best’ option to address the environmental problem, project staff will need to work with stakeholders to consider the social, economic and ecological impacts of alternative options. This is because negative impacts on any option may jeopardise the success of the project. For instance, there would be no point in pursuing an option that offers positive ecological benefits if the social and economic impacts of this are so damaging to stakeholders that compliance would be impossible.In fact, severe social and economic implications are a warning sign that an option will ultimately be unsustainable or unviable. One way of conceptualizing the relationships between the economic, social and ecological is as an ‘egg’ (see Figure 9), where economic and social actions are nested within the biophysical environment. Action in one area will ripple through the others. Impact assessment helps us to work out what these connections are, so that we can maximise outcomes across these three dimensions and develop more sustainable resource management activities (Lal and Keen, 2002).Figure 9: Three dimensions of sustainability Source: (Lal and Keen, 2002) Environmental impact assessment Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a process to support planning and decision-making. It is based on the identification, prediction and evaluation of the potential environmental impacts of about projects, plans and policies. Impact assessments can involve very detailed technical examinations of the environmental impacts in policies and projects, particularly where projects are likely to have significant negative environmental impacts (Modak and Biswas 1999).The scale of the impact assessment can and should be matched to the project. However, the steps are broadly similar, and aim to integrate consideration of the ec onomic, social and economic impacts of an intervention. In this section, we will focus of the social impacts of alternative solutions and will only consider economic and ecological impacts as they relate to these. Project managers would need to consider all these sets of impacts – social, economic and ecological – in practice. Information on the economic aspects of solutions is discussed in detail in Lal and Holland (2004).Social Impact assessment Social impact assessment is a specialised form of impact assessment. It focuses on: ? The likely social impacts of what is planned; ?The likely consequences for various stakeholders (eg improvement or deterioration in people’s well-being); and ? How to improve positive benefits or minimize negative impacts. Social impact assessment, like EIA, can be a relatively large and complex process. However, the scale of the impact assessment can and should be matched to the project (Goldman, 2000). Impact assessment can be done when consensus has been reached on the viability of two or three main options. Alternatively, it can begin in the early stages of stakeholder consideration of problems and with information about likely social impacts being collected and analysed as part of the baseline assessment. Social impact assessment is linked to stakeholder analysis because it involves considering how stakeholder interests would be affected by different options to solve the problem. A stakeholder analysis in relation to potential solutions (see Topic 3. 2) can be used to help identify these impacts.Subsequently, actions can be refined to increase any positive effects on stakeholder interests and or reduce or avoid any negative effects from alternative solutions. The information collected during preliminary community profile and baseline assessments are also important inputs to the impact assessment process. Who assesses impacts and when? Project staff may carry out a preliminary assessment of potential social, economic and environmental implications of a project on their own or in consultation with government in the process of determining where to locate projects.This preliminary assessment can help avoid the strategic mistake of selecting a project site that is unlikely to have viable or politically acceptable solutions. It is not wise politically to go through all the public stakeholder activities leading up to the preliminary assessments only to conclude that â€Å"Do Nothing Different† is the best option. Project managers and other project staff might also begin thinking about environmental impacts in the early stages of stakeholder consideration of problems and information about likely impacts being collected and analysed as part of the baseline assessment.Stakeholders are likely to raise issues of concern or risks early in the process of consultations—even during th e first round of stakeholder meetings. Project staff needs to think about potential social impacts and need to assure stakeholders that possible impacts will be considered in the decision-making process. EIA is thus central to the selection of social, economically and ecologically viable options. A participatory activity to assess the environmental impacts of options is outlined in Topic 5. 4. Topic 5. 3 Selecting OptionsBefore assessing impacts, it is important to select two to three options from the wider set of potential solutions developed in workshops. This is necessary because of time constraints, and also because it is unlikely that one project will be able to accommodate the full range of activities. The topics in this module are intended to support stakeholders to take a considered decision on which options for action they will pursue. The solutions tree Activity (Topic 5. 1) will have assisted them to identify potential solutions (options).The impact assessment below will help them consider the likely positive and negative impacts of certain options, including the option of taking no action. In this topic, we look at the decision-making process and your role in it as a facilitator or manager of a project. We also look at some criteria and techniques that can help stakeholders to assess the costs and benefits of options and choose the actions that are likely to bring the greatest overall benefit in social, economic and ecological terms. Decision-making in groups: processes and issuesBefore moving on to the specifics of selecting options, lets pause and consider the decision-making processes involved. The selection of options for action on a resource management issue is a key decision-point for stakeholders. Your facilitation role at this stage is crucial, and it is important for you to have an understanding the group dynamics of decision-making. Groups can arrive at a decision on an issue in many different ways. Some common rules that you may have come across are shown in Figure 10. Figure 10: Common decision-making rules. (Braakman and Edwards, 2002)Looking at these ‘common decision rules’, you will see that some rules are more consistent with a participatory program than others. For example, a chairman deciding after discussion is a very limited form of participation. In contrast, decision through consensus can allow broad participation, as long as rules are followed to ensure participation in the discussion process. Without explicit ground rules to guide the discussion, those with power, influence, and confidence are likely to hold sway, or the process can get bogged down and issues are not considered fully or systematically. The decision-making scenario may then look more like Figure 11 below. Figure 11: Decision making without rules (Braakman and Edwards, 2002) To avoid these problems, it is important for facilitators to discuss and establish decision-making rules with the group. You may even find it useful to use these diagrams in your discussions. Another important aspect of the facilitator’s role is the need to encourage the group to look broadly at issues before moving towards a decision-point. Such an approach challenges the group to move beyond ‘business as usual’ discussions to look at new ideas and angles.As a facilitator, you can help this process along to broaden discussion and then move back to a decision point (See Figure 12 and Issue 15 below on how to promote divergent thinking). Figure 12: Divergent and Convergent thinking Source: Braakman and Edwards, 2002: 47 As the group explores ideas a further challenge for the facilitator is to help them find the point at which f ree ranging discussion can be focused back to a decision point. This transition point is sometimes called the ‘groan zone’ because it can be a confusing time for the group as it struggles to find a shared framework.Your facilitation skills are crucial in helping a group move through the ‘groan zone’ towards a decision point (See Issue 16 below on getting through the ‘groan zone’). Issue 15: How to promote divergent thinking †¢Alert the group of ‘business as usual’ discussions. †¢Help the group avoid making decisions too quickly by pointing out how limited their input is. †¢Encourage everyone to contribute. †¢Think about the tools and skills needed to learn about other diverse points of view. †¢Suggest ways to structure thinking activities. †¢Respect other people’s point of view.

Journalism and the law

Table of Contents Sources of information Challenges First amendments Hate speech/advocacy Public forums Symbolic speech Conclusion Journalism is the art of collecting information from different sources, which may involve happening events or events that have actually happened. It involves analyzing the information, editing and proofreading the information for publication. Acquiring information can be very tricky as well as tiresome and in most cases as a journalist, you might get the wrong information or rather unreliable sources and thus the need for analysis.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Journalism and the law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sources of information There are many sources of information for journalists, some of these sources being anonymous in which case the identity of the person providing information to the journalist is unknown. In such cases, it is up to the journalist to inve stigate further into the claims from the source if the information has facts. However, this is not always case, and thus it becomes a challenge to the journalist who has no idea if the information given regarding some event or issue is true or false. Such information is helpful to a journalist if there is some supporting evidence either from the source or from investigation and research by the journalist. Having something to write is not always enough, but having the right information, that is not containing incorrect information. Having anonymous sources to some people means that, the reporters are lazy and probably do not want really to find out the correctness of the information from the sources. According to research done on the use of anonymous sources, it shows that most journalists use anonymous sources due to competition and having a story to these journalists is having what any other journalist has. The only way of achieving this is by using anonymous sources; however, thi s kind of trust is not always reliable as it can lead to loss of credibility of the writer or the publication. This results to numerous cases of incorrect information published, which is from unknown sources. The Simpson’s case of murder trial is a good example of a controversial report given which was basing the verdict on unnamed sources. Reporter Tracie Savage represented the case to the viewers as having DNA match of blood samples found on a sock in Simpson’s bedroom with the blood of his former wife. The source of information was an unnamed source and days later, the reporter admitted that the information was not correct. However much an anonymous source can be, a source of information we need might not be accurate or correct. Sometime a journalist may encounter very uncooperative sources of information because, data gathering is a tedious task; for example, on an interview some people do not agree to on tape recordings. This is due to mistrust, or not wanting t o embarrass himself or herself. In such cases, the reporters have to report and this often appears in broadcasts. Therefore, the journalist has to report something on a given story even if not from direct quotation of the person.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another source of information for the journalists is off-record material that may include privacy of information. Even though this is supposed to be private information about a given fact, having an off –record material sometimes uncovers hidden material. Bringing such information to light some people will come up and give the complete information about a certain event. Off-record sources are sometimes not a sure way of getting information and sometimes those concerned in the office refuse to take in any kind of information given from these sources. While the above hindrances faces journalists in inf ormation acquisition, one of the major blows is the law pertaining to it and the policies and rules put into place regarding the media and publication give limits. Even though the law gives the right to information, it also clearly limits the amount of information given. As stipulated in law, the government may at times limit the amount of information given to the public if it relates to matters of national security, public health or personal freedoms. This rule limits information flow to the public, since journalists end up withholding information from the public. According to Jordan times, power for the officials to prevent transfer of information is greater than the law and as per the study that was carried out by the Arab Archives indicated that many governments deprive citizens the right to basic information and this is by creating barriers on the information flow. Officials limiting the time that the information is required put barriers, sometimes this means the public might get outdated information that might be irrelevant. However, the same information could have been quite useful if given to the public at the right time. The information about the death of an ITN journalist Terry Lloyd is an example, the military is holding information concerning his death, this leads to ambiguities in the information path making it hard to know the causes of death. In this case the journalists only have a one sided report, which is the death of the journalist but the cause of death remains withheld information. Challenges Research done on journalists revealed that 58.8% of pressure comes from withholding information. While getting information may be a task to a journalist, withholding of the acquired information may be demeaning to a journalist. Sometime journalists having a story, reveal their sources of information to the government, which may be against the agreement with the source of information. In such cases, the source of information given to the authorities gets them arrested by police or demoted from positions previously held. Michael Andrew, a veteran commander with a police department in Baltimore, had issued a memorandum expressing his concerns on handling of an event that had resulted to dashing of an aged man if it was of consideration. However, after receiving no response from the police department, he decided to go to the Baltimore sun and provided the same memorandum to a reporter. After the publishing of the article regarding the shooting, his seniors removed him from his command and gave him a job of low responsibility.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Journalism and the law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Journalism has a long history and dates form the old days. Many Media changes have occurred in the 20th century and most of the laws were getting tough thus limiting journalism; it is also the time when different forms of technologies were b een developed to dispatch knowledge. Even though limitations to information are sometime essential, the right of citizens to know everything that is happening is also vital. Some laws have limited the public from even the most vital and basic information denying them of their rights. This is clear indication that this too much information is not necessary. Therefore, it is important for the media to avoid information that might cause fear or a threat to public. A consensus between the lawmakers and the media should be able to revise some of the specifications that are in place. The government officials should loosen up on their rules; however, journalists must also uphold a high level of professionalism in their work. This will ensure that correct and constructive information dispatch to the members of the public with accuracy, thus, the information will be reliable. While it is important for the officials to have someone responsible for events that have happened, having the media disclose their sources is not just, unless it is a matter of national security. More so, regulations are important as information is also necessary for growth and democracy and this is only possible if the journalist has a voice and can give information freely. First amendments In regarding the transfer of basic information therefore, the United States of America constitution has the amendments regarding the basic rights, which include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion and freedom of expression. Hate speech/advocacy While speech is a right, there is a law that does not allow for hatred in speech. Hate speech may involve any act or gesture or conduct in writing or in display, which may prompt biasness or violent action against a person or a group of people. It may also involve any kind of intimidation towards a person or a group. Advocacy on the other hand refers to the support of a certain idea or policy and mostly with a hidden motive , which could be disastrous to the rest of the people. Under the defamation clause, it is illegal for anyone to give a statement publicly which is false and that harms the reputation of another person. These expressions can be either written or spoken. The judiciary system recognizes this as the words expressed to a person that could hurt them thus making them unable to earn a living. Defamation fact is usually hard to express as it involves an allegation of a fact, which is actually false, however expression of an opinion is not defamation.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The challenge in a defamation case is always to differentiate between how the one represents himself/ herself, or the depth of the hatred in the speech. There is need to work out a better definition of a hate speech. This will help solve many cases of Hate speech that will otherwise be hard to determine. Public forums While the law restricts on what is to be termed as a public place, there is freedom of expressing viewpoints in public places and the base of such a grant depends on the content of the speech. Public forums are restricted to taking place in some places like public schools and military bases. In the first amendment, the law is unclear on the specifications on the rules governing a public forum. While a majority may use a public forum to represent a point of view, it is important for the law to stipulate the circumstances under which this is possible. Clear guidelines on public forums should through further amendments form an important component. The public forum law in volves restrictions relating to the way of conduct in a public place. For example, in Columbia, a court struck a law that was prohibiting the display of any sign within a radius of 500 feet distance to a foreign embassy. This rule came into account due to the public wanting to bring the foreign government into a â€Å"public pulpit†. The law also conditioned that, it was unlawful for three or more people to congregate within the 500 feet distance. This rule was a limitation to the right to speech and expression; however, it was an exception as observing the right would disturb the peace and security of the embassy. This is an example of an exception from the right to a public forum. Symbolic speech This is a term, which describes actions that covey a certain message, or statement to those observing. Under the first amendment, deems symbolic speech as a form of speech and thus it needs protection.Since most forms of protest and expression were verbal or written, it was not in cluded in the bill of rights. Another form off symbolic representation is by wearing some type of colors that are symbolic of specific identities. A good example is wearing of an armband that has a symbol that is prohibited in the past by law. Some symbols and art that are included in this category will include drawings, painting, motion pictures, dramatic works, radio music, poetry and television entertainment, and engravings. The above forms of speech lack clear-cut definitions from the first amendments; however, they are important elements of speech and expressions. Whilst spoken and written means of communication are the most used, it is important to recognize these forms of communication. When a view is not appealing to a given public, a protest serves as a way to express disappointment in the issue and this is because in protest, the method mostly used is visual. As recognition of these forms of communication, it becomes crucial for the public to have a defined law governing the way other forms of expression are used. There are many exceptions to the first amendment, which the courts recognize. The justification of these exceptions is an act that may cause harm to the public or if it is to protect cultures or tradition; his is because the significance of freedom of speech at times conflicts with very significant parts of our culture. The non-recognition of the non-verbal or spoken ways of expression in the bill of rights limits the way expressing views as well as opinions. Conclusion In every form of government, the rules are always to protect the government as an entity. The rights to speech and information are important to every citizen. Through these rights the citizen are able to give their views on different issues affecting them. The media a source of knowledge, and aims at giving out information to the citizens and through an efficient flow of information, views raised by the public are addressed using different manners of expressions. The off icials take up the issues and act up them. On the other hand, Journalists follow up on citizens’ activities as well as the governments and serves as a mediator between the two entities. Information by a journalist flows from different sources and through media protection; the law protects all sources of the information. It is a point of note that publishing of incorrect or inaccurate information by journalists should leads to loss of credibility of the source and the media house, that investigated, and well-founded information dispatched is healthy to the public. While competition is a major factor to consider, having the correct details about a given story is more important in the field of journalism and that having wrong information may do more bad than good. Information is supposed to enlighten and give us the direction that we are following and because of this, the rights to express views and information sourced out consequently becomes of importance. This research paper on Journalism and the law was written and submitted by user Kamren N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essays Samples

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Often, new religious movements emerge and evolve in response to the changing social, economic or political environments or, even more often, during turbulent times on the threshold of epochs, clashes of worldviews,

Website review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Website review - Essay Example Design of the website plays integral role in making it a success/ user friendly. Hence, if the design is simple to use, easy to engage in and effective to learn from then the website will be popular among the users. Thus, the design of Shmoop is explicitly clear and given in F-pattern. According to a recent survey, viewers mostly view websites in an F-pattern style, giving their whole attention towards top and left sides of the screen and ignoring anything on the right side. Thus, Shmoop’s main bar is on the top-middle section of the webpage and grid based layouts in the left corner. Every option on the main page is prominently visible; one does not have to search for desired section to research from, but can easily see it on the main-page. The main page is also not cluttered with pictures and designs. There are images like a backdrop on it, but they do not divert the attention from the content or purpose of the webpage. The main font style throughout the website is â€Å"Ariel† however, size is differed. In headings 18 size is used and for topic description 10.5 is used. Color behind the content is white, which is good because it makes it easier to read and at extreme right and left corner are some advertisements and informative clickable images on the website. Navigation is simple and does use a hierarchal pattern of browsing so one can also view from where he started his browsing from. Once, one chooses and clicks from the subjects on the main page, the second page shows all the sub-topics of it, from there one can chose desired subject matter, which shows all the information in a grid format. The language used to describe any matter under study is simple, engaging, and often humorous but efficient. Shmoop does not take any time to load and even the images on the web load in less than a minute. The best part is the web entails everything from teenagers’ study options to career advice and test

Forensic test Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Forensic test - Assignment Example The paper tells that many forensic materials collected are usually small and minute and therefore a more sensitive test is reliable. A forensic test should also be specific to avoid compromising. It should not cross check with other test as this increases the tests’ validity. The ideal forensic test needs to be quick. Many individuals would like to know the results of their tests as fast as possible due to the anxiety usually facing such cases and therefore a quicker test becomes more ideal. The test should be simple to conduct, reliable and repeatable. This is necessary whenever there is need for verification. Gunn also perceives an ideal forensic test to be affordable and the equipment and reagents should be readily available. The ease with which the equipment and apparatus can be accessed for the test also makes a forensic test to be ideal. Continuous gradual decay process and disorganization of tissues and structures after death is known as decomposition. There are a numbe r of factors affecting and influencing the sequence and the rate of decomposition. These factors may include temperature, humidity and the media through which the body has been exposed to. The media may include soil, water or preservatives. Tissues rich in blood vessels are always the first ones to suffer autolysis while those ones lacking blood vessels suffer autolysis later. This is the destruction of cell structure and tissues without any bacterial action. In case of lack of oxygen in the body, anaerobic respiration takes place and this leads to formation of lactic acid which makes the body to decompose a condition referred to as necrosis (Cengage, 2006). High temperature conditions increases the rate of reactions and this increases the rate of decomposition of a body. This is because energy is available for the decomposition process. A body placed in a cold media like freezing ice or water undergoes decomposition at a lower rate due to deactivation of bacteria by the freezing or lower temperatures. Similarly preservatives play a function of reducing water or liquid levels in a body thereby denying bacteria favorable medium to work on. A body buried under soil decomposes faster because of lack of oxygen hence more lactic acid formed due to anaerobic respiration and this leads to necrosis. A body lying on top of soil undergoes decomposition at a slower rate due to the availability of oxygen hence lea lactic acid formed. Works cited Cengage, G. (2006,

Case study 8.1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

8.1 - Case Study Example The regular class room environment is least restrictive for Rhonda because she had the ability to compete with the rest of the students verbally. Rhonda’s skills in reading, writing, and verbal communication stand a chance to be enhanced within the regular classroom environment. Resolving Rhonda’s case is not only important for her personal growth and development, but also for her educational welfare. As an administrator, I would have assessed and evaluated the circumstances within which the regular classroom failed to achieve the desired results for Rhonda. The regular and special teachers involved had collaboration-based issues relative to Rhonda’s case. I would ensure that the two teachers did exactly what they were required to do under the IEP before settling at placing Rhonda in the self-contained special education. On the same note, I would advocate for Rhonda’s total interaction with students in the regular classroom setting. This is because Rhonda does not exhibit critical disabilities that necessitate total placement in self-contained

Cooper Green Hospital Care Plan

Cooper Green Hospital Care Plan The case, Cooper Green Hospital and its Community Care Plan is a very interesting case, which tries to outline the problems that plagued the hospitals growth and the attempts made by the top management of the hospital to enhance its reach to maximum number of poor and undeserved citizens who were in dire need of medical treatment. This mission of CGH made it stand in front of constant scrutiny from country commission. Media and the community challenges about the quality of care provided by CGH limited its ability to attract patients with private insurance. For the first 2 decades the hospital face increasing budget pressures, cost overruns were a common phenomenon. The hospital was understaffed, under stocked and overflow with patients. Some of the major problems faced by the hospital were balancing cost with maximum access to care, managing employee within budget, performance and demand and simplifying procedures and aligning them with policies. The two plans are named as Health first, a traditional fee for service plan and the community care plan , a prepaid membership plan based on family size and income, which would give opportunity to the people to receive quality medical care for at affordable price and with less waiting time. In a scenario where there are constant changes in the US health care system, where managed care was altering how providers interacted with patients funding for care was restricted and many health care systems were using non-physician providers to cut cost, CGH had an opportunity and challenge to attract uninsured patients and outperform its competitors. In the light of all these issues, the question that posed in front of the top management was, is to move ahead with the expansion plans or hold and improve operational efficiency or give up altogether. Key Issues The hospital was understaffed, under stocked and was overflowing with patients. The major problems that plagued the companys growth were as providing affordable good quality medical services to the indigent population of deficient country, streamlining procedures with polices, managing employees and gauging their performances, declining revenue, decreasing enrollments and under utilization, no upgrading enhancement of technologies, indifferent behavior of some employees towards the patients, inability of the infrastructure to cater to the increasing demands of the out patients section, resulting in long waiting hours and frustrated patients. Situation analysis The top management needs to make some critical calls on some top level strategic issues. If these problems are not taken care of then the following could be the repercussion: Negative revenue Dissatisfied patients Thrown away by competition Loss of goodwill and mistrust among people Inability to achieve the mission providing good quality service at affordable price and enhancing access to care. Complete shutdown of the hospital Directional strategies The directional strategies are undertaken by the hospital to improve its position and enhance its reach and ability to serve maximum number of patients starts with the defining of its mission statement vision and goals. Mission statement CGH is committed to serve the residents of Jefferson country with high quality health care regardless of ability to pay (Copper green mercy,). The hospital strike to attract and maintain a dedicated and compassionated staff of professionals who believe in serving the society and seek to continuously improve the services and adapt to need the changing health needs of the communities. (Cooper green mercy,). Vision Statements CGH is the leader to an evitable and just health care system through excellence, quality, compaction and trust. (Copper green mercy,). Value Statements Some of the key value statements for the company are commitment to health and well being of those being served expectation, to achieve the highest level of excellence, understanding the vital importance of advocacy for those being served, imbibing creativity and innovation, recognizing the importance of working with the patients and the community and dedication towards providing high level education to health professionals. Legislative-Political Changes The Medicare program was established in 1965 to insure medical coverage for the aged and disabled. It then expanded to in compass other people entitle to social security or rail road retirement benefits and also people with end stage renal disease. Another provision allowed non covered aged individuals to also benefit from the plan. There are 2 separate programs for Medicare i.e. Part-A :- Hospital insurance (free of charge) Part-B :- supplemental medical insurance (against monthly fee) In 1997 Medicare as a whole covered 38 millions people utilization of Part-A and B was 87% of enrollees. (DeButts, 2010). Title XIX of the social security act of 1965 gave rise to Medicaid as part of the federal state welfare structure to aid Americas poor population. It allowed federal funding for state run programs. In order to provide basic health service including hospitals in patients and out patients service laboratory and X-ray services and physician services. In 1998 Alabama Medicaid program provided benefits to variety of population but the majority were for indigent women and children and elderly persons in nursing home. In 1998 15.3% of Alabamas population was eligible for Medicaid program. The balance budget act of 1997 brought a significant change for the Alabama hospital in the light of ALLKIDS programs. Economic changes Health care cost rose at twice the inflation rate from the mid 1980s to mid 1990s creating a 1 trillion dollars industry that accounted for 14% of the US GDP. By the end of century the health care industry had grown to more than 1.5 trillion dollar or 18% of GDP. In 1995 nearly 3 quarters of American workers were insured by HMO, PPO and POS plans up from only 27% in 1987. (The Economy in,). Social-Demographic changes By the 1990s Jefferson Country has become a diversified economy with industries spanning across various industries like Biotechnology, healthcare, engineering and financial sector. As of 1998, the Birmingham metropolitan statistical areas population was approximately 875,000.Jefferson Country population was approximately 652,000. According to a 1993 survey it was found out that 1/3rd of Jefferson country resident were uninsured. 12 acute care hospitals were located in Birmingham. In 1998 8 out of 12 hospitals reported experienced decline in admission, in patient capacity in the area exceeded demand in order to reposition themselves. (Johnson, 2006). To respond to this and other changes in health care environment many hospitals went in for strategic alliance like the Brook wood Medical Centre, Medical centre East and Lloyd Noland Hospital. The other hospitals spread across the diverse geography of Jefferson are as follows: Princeton Baptist Medical centre. Montclair Baptist Centre Brook wood Medical Centre Cooper Green Hospital Health South Medical Centre Saint Vincents Hospital etc. Technological changes In the 1990s there was an increasing emphasis on outpatient care driven by the need to reduce cost and improve technology that would enable more types of care to be delivered on the outpatient basis. The lack of capital resources with CGH to invest in technology enhancement, new medical renovation led to longer waiting time, patient frustration and declining enrollments. The shortage of examination rooms, clerks, nurses, waiting room space further worsened the patients experience. Sometimes the reason for this frustrated experience was the discourteous and uncompassionate behavior of some of the staffs with the patients. There were some staffs that were very dedicated and loyal and compassionate but some were not interested in their jobs and used to perform below the expected levels and show negative attitude to the patients. The administration made several attempts to improve the employee morale but it was of little use as there remained a core of negative people who demoralized other staff members and angered patients. Competitive Changes In order to provide good quality health care at affordable and fair prices to the poor and needy patients, the hospitals both Non Profit making and profit making should go in for a strong alliance and should complement each others competitive strengths and ensure to pass on the benefits of reduced cost, higher advanced technological developments, better quality health care to the indigent population. (DeButts, 2010) Internal Environment SWOT Strengths: Pool of talented and compassionate staff members who choose to work at Jefferson health systems and believed in its mission and enjoyed serving those in need. Turnover of the staff was pretty low High overall patients satisfaction which averaged about 90%. Patients recorded the most satisfaction with issues related to the health care providers. Many patients expressed their gratitude for the care they received. They often remarked as saying they would have no way of obtaining health care without JHS and God bless CHS. CGS was considered one of the safety net providers across the US because of its mission to provide medical care to the poor. Weakness: Declining revenue of the Hospital Majority of capital was funded and only 6% was operating revenue. With this low operating revenue, operations may become unsustainable in future Hospital was not able to attract patients who are not insured Resources are not adequately utilized Inadequate infrastructure to take care of the growing demand in out patients section. Opportunities: Managed care was dominated form of insurance in US and enrollment was expected to increase Change in the US health care system. Managed care was altering how health care providers interacted with patients, funding for care was being restricted and many health care system were using non physician providers to cut cost. This threw plethora of opportunities in front of CGS. Threats: Vandalism and violence Stiff competition in the health care segment Technological advancements along with insufficient capital Inability to cope up with competition in the light of technological advancements which made diagnosis of multiple problems possible and insufficient capital. Comparative strategies According to a 1993 survey conducted by CGH centre for community care more than 1/3rd of the resident of Jefferson country was uninsured. Many poor people were delayed getting necessary medical care because they had no health insurance. Some 48 thousand residents have been denied care because they lacked health insurances. On average health care was listed as the 6th most important issue. This unexploited segment of uninsured population gave an opportunity to CGH to cater to the demands of segment that top management was able to identify this niche market. In order to serve this niche market CGH and Jefferson country development of health (JCDH) established a working alliance in order to improve continuity of care for the indigent population. JCDH physician staff privileges at CGH. They also explored the idea of more comprehensive alliance but no plans could materialize before 1999. JCDH operated an extensive health care network to service approx 80 thousand people every year. Health care services were available to people at the cost of service based on their ability to pay. Seminars were also sponsored by the health centres on disease eradication and health promotion topics. Recommendations The following actions could be taken in order to resolve the problem faced by the hospital: Developing the infrastructure facility so as to meet the growing demands of the out patients segment, as the hospital was designed to take care of the in patient. Establishing strategic alliances with some of the top profit making hospital. Giving better training and education to the staff so that they can be adequately utilized Offer better discounted bundle price/package to the patients so as to attract the insured patients as well. This will help increase the number of enrollments and increase the patient base. Increasing operational efficiency and reducing waiting time in the clinic. Reducing the dependency on funding and establish more ways to generate operational revenue Investing in technological advancements and providing high quality modern medical facilities to the patients Implementation strategies In order to implement the recommendation the following strategies should be adopted Establish more number of CCP clinics which would take care of in patients demand and reduce the waiting time CGH can go in for a comprehensive alliance with top performing hospitals just like Brook wood Medical Centre, Medical Centre East and Lloyd Noland Hospital formed an alliance in 1995. Aligning with the apex health care institutes to provide high quality training to the staff Involving more non physician providers like registered nurse and practicing physician under the supervision of medical experts. Motivating the staff to work efficiently by addressing their monetary as well as personal requirements Increasing the synchronization among the various departments so as to reduce the waiting time. Giving better offers for both Health First and Community Care Plan to the existing uninsured patients as well as the new insured patients. This will enhance the revenue base and decrease the dependency on funding Attracting investors by means of more aggressive marketing initiatives in order to enhance the popularity of the CCP concept. Marketing Strategies In order to make the CCP success some marketing initiatives were undertaken which did not turn out to be successful A health fare was scheduled at the site of the first CCP clinic before its establishment but because of construction delay the clinic couldnt be operational several months after the fare thereby nullifying the impact of the promotional efforts. The primary approaches to marketing during the first two years were appearances by the top management and staff members at community organization, church groups, schools along with promotional materials placed within the hospital. The intention of all these marketing activities was to educate staff neighboring communities, social services, uninsured people, small businesses and other hospitals in the area regarding CCP and how to access the service. Word of mouth had proven to be the promising and reliable avenue of retaining patients. Due to limited administrated staff no one person was responsible for coordinating the marketing efforts. Before the commencement of the first clinic focus group were used to assess the membership plan but there were no service to assess the patient awareness attitude or understanding about CGH or CCP. Benchmarks for Success In order to ensure the success of the CGH in achieving its goal of providing quality treatment at affordable fees and increase access to care, following strategies/ actions should be adopted / executed: Increasing the revenue base by attracting more patients both insured and uninsured Taking advantage of the niche market of uninsured population Offering better compensation services so that the patients feel that they are getting more for less Educate staff members and train them properly so that the patients waiting time is reduced and patient experience enhanced Go in for strategic alliances with good profit making hospitals to get access to capital and make necessary investments in technology.

The Life and Writings of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- Authors

Edgar Allan Poe is a famous poet from the 1800. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. His parents were David and Elizabeth Poe. David was born in Baltimore on July 18, 1784. Elizabeth Arnold came to the U.S. from England in 1796 and married David Poe after her first husband died in 1805. They had three children, Henry, Edgar, and Rosalie. Elizabeth Poe died in 1811, when Edgar was two years old. Giordeno also mentioned, â€Å"She had separated from her husband and had taken her three kids with her. Henry went to live with his grandparents while Edgar was adopted by Mr. and Mrs. John Allan and Rosalie was taken in by another family. John Allan was a successful merchant, so Edgar grew up in good surroundings and went to good schools† (Giordeno). Before Poe became a writer he was enrolled in the army at eight teen years old, but he did not stay long her was soon dismissed. Poe was very poor while he was living and did not become famous until after his death in 1849. He is most famous for writing border line horror stories and poems. Some of his most famous poems are The Tell-Tale Heart, The Raven, The Fall of the House of Usher, and The Pit and the Pendulum. In The Raven Poe discusses many different literary terms. The three that stand out the most is symbolism, tragedy, and beauty. In The Raven Poe uses symbolism. One way he demonstrates symbolism is the bust of Pallas. Poe explains about the bust of Pallas when he says, â€Å"Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door -Perched, and sat, and nothing more† (Poe l41-l42). Courson thinks that the bust of Pallas symbolizes intellect, â€Å"Then Remorse enters, and fixes itself firmly on his mind, ‘the bust of Pallas,’ the emblem of intellect.† (Courson) However, Za... ...emy of American Poets, 2012. Web. 12 Jan 2012. Smith, Dave. "Edgar Allan Poe and the Nightmare Ode." Southern Humanities Review 29.1 (Winter 1995): 4-10. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Lynn M. Zott. Vol. 117. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. Wardrop, Daneen. "Quoting the Signifier 'Nevermore': Fort! Da!, Pallas, and Desire in Language." ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance 44.4 (1998): 274-299. Rpt. in Poetry Criticism. Ed. Timothy J. Sisler. Vol. 54. Detroit: Gale, 2004. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. Zayed, Georges. "The Symbolism of the Poems." The Genius of Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing, 1985. 127-136. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Lynn M. Zott. Vol. 117. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 12 Jan. 2012.

Concepts of epidemiology (HIV) Essay

Communicable diseases are global health issues nowadays as the world become globalized by increasing international travel and business. Among many of communicable diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is considered to be one of the most severe communicable diseases worldwide. It has spread rapidly throughout the whole world from the continent of Africa since it was first reported in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). By 1987, it had spread to 100 countries, by 2001, HIV became the leading infectious cause of death in the world. Scientists believe a similar virus to HIV first found in animals such as chimps and monkeys in Africa, where Africans are hunted for food. While they contact with an infected animal’s blood during butchering or cooking, the virus might cross into humans and become HIV (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). HIV causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS). Having HIV does not always mean having AIDS. To develop AIDS, it take many years for people with HIV. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Africa is devastating because it disrupts family life, leaving many children without parents’ support. Reduced workforces in African society impact socioeconomic issues as well. These days, HIV/AIDS are not only problems in the African continent, but they are now also seen in every continent in the entire world. As of 2008, United Nations (UN) general assembly special session on HIV/AIDS estimated that there were roughly 33-4 million people living with HIV, 2.7 million new infections of HIV, and 2 million deaths from AIDS. According to the Center of Disease Control(CDC), about 1.1 million people in the U.S. had been diagnosed with AIDS since the disease diagnosed in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). A person gets HIV when an infected person’s body fluids such as  blood, semen, fluids from vagina or breast milk get into his or her bloodstream. This virus can enter the bloodstream through linings in the mouth, anus, or sex organs through broken skin. HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells which is same as T-cells in white blood cells (Moss, 2013). When a person has lower number of CD4 cells in the blood than normal, he or she is susceptible to illnesses because the person lost ability to fight infection. Unsafe sexual activity, transfusion of HIV infected blood, sharing needles and syringes with people with HIV, HIV infected mothers’ pregnancy, delivery, and breast-feeding are all risk factors for HIV infection. World Health Organization(WHO) found that 80% of cases of HIV/AIDS infections happened by unsafe sexual contact with an HIV-infected person. Stigma, discrimination, misconception, local social and cultural taboos also contribute to increasing number of HIV infections in developing countries where people do not talk about them or people are not educated about them. Early symptoms of HIV infection are fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss, cough, headache, blurred and distorted vision, skin rashes or bumps, and shortness of breath(Moss, 2013). People infected with HIV progress to AIDS when their CD4 cell count falls down below 200 or when they develop complications such astuberculosis, salmonellosis, cytomegalovirus, candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosiporidiosis, and cancers including Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphomas. Other complications can include wasting syndrome, neurological complications, and kidney disease(Moss, 2013).AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection and life threatening. If a person with HIV does not receive treatment, the disease progresses to AIDS in about 10 years (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Good news is that there is a treatment with antiviral medication for HIV infection even though there is no complete cure for HIV/AIDS. As soon as a person is diagnosed as HIV-positive, a variety of drugs can be used in combination to control this virus. The Department of Health and Human Services recommend that everyone with HIV infection must be offered antiviral medications regardless of T-cells count in order to restrict replication and duplication of the virus. HIV medications are more widely available than ever. They expand the lifespan of people with HIV. Not only drug regimen, but healthy life style such as eating healthy foods including fish oil and whey protein, avoiding certain foods including unpasteurized  dairy products, raw eggs, and raw seafood, getting vaccine, obtaining coping skills contribute to reducing further complication of HIV/AIDS (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Prevention is the most important through education on safe sexual activity, safe care of blood transfusion, protective care of pregnancy, delivery, and breast-feeding among mothers with HIV/AIDS, etc. The epidemiologic triangle is composed of agent, host, and environment. These three are interrelated to spread the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS. For example, the agent factor is the presence or absence of human immunodeficiency virus that is transmitted directly through infected blood transfusion, sharing infected needles and syringes, and breast feeding from infected mother or indirectly through broken skin by unsafe and unprotected sexual contact. The host factors are people. They can be either HIV-positive or HIV-negative. People who are diagnosed as HIV-negative are susceptible hosts who can be infected by people who are diagnosed HIV-positive if they have unsafe sexual activity or receive unsafe health care. The environmental factors can be social and economic conditions such as poverty, crowding, and frequent mobility of people that carry agents easily to other environments. If the environment is less habitable, the host susceptibility is reduced, and the agent source is also reduced or eliminated as well. All three factors may be altered to improve community resistance to HIV infection (Maurer & Smith, 2009) Host AgentEnvironment Figure 1 HIV Epidemiologic Triangle The community and public health nurses play an important role through their tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow-up. 1. Responsibility of primary prevention; Community and public health nurses are in the front line to assess a person, family, and communities for epidemiologic agents, susceptible hosts, and favorable environments. Nurses are responsible for educating people in the community about the causes and spread of the virus. Since 80% of HIV infection occurs by sexual contact with an HIV infected person, abstinence or advocacy of the use of condoms and other protective measures during sexual activity must be taught to people of all ages at risk, young or old, male or female. Safe  administration of blood, safe use of needles and syringes, safe breast-feeding, and protective health care of mothers with HIV during pregnancy or delivery must also be taught and performed as well for primary prevention. 2. Responsibility of secondary prev ention: Despite education and prevention efforts, reducing HIV infection is challenging. In 2009, CDC reported, youth, ages 13-29, accounted for 39% of all new HIV infections in the U.S.(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). Nurses are responsible for secondary prevention through effective intervention. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS , yet medication regimen help improve life expectancy by preventing HIV-related complications. Combination of medications at least three of antiretroviral can be used to control the virus(Moss, 2013). Nurses should encourage people who receive antiretroviral therapy of 3 to5 combination pills to be compliant with prescribed medications as scheduled. However, combination of antiretroviral cost a lot and are not available in poor countries. WHO support these countries that drug companies provide medications at low cost. Community health care providers suggest voluntary counseling and testing for HIV treatment programs as good strategies. By the help of trained counselors, patients in the community can learn their HIV status and register for treatment as needed. In South Carolina, since the number of young adults with new HIV infection is increased, a new intervention program is designed for young adults that is called HIV/AIDS information vaccine, using graphic novels(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). 3. Responsibility of tertiary prevention; Since HIV/AIDS is incurable and at risk in progression gradually, community and public health nurses can focus on enhancing or optimizing their quality of life. HIV is not only a physiological stressor, but also a significant psychological stressor. Many of HIV positive patient suffer with depression and suicidal ideation. According to the study, these psychological symptoms among HIV-positive people are associated with a decline in CD4 cell count (Dalmida, 2006). By evidence of research, depressive mood affects neuropeptide receptor on lymphocytes and lead to decreased CD4 cell count(Dalmida, 2006). Spiritual practice and mental care for HIV-positive people are beneficial to relax sympathetic nervous system and enhance immune function (Rabin 1999). According to the holistic view of human being, an awareness of one’s spiritual self is very important to extend life span with optimal wellness  increasing greater satisfaction with life. (Rabin, 1999). Community and public health nurses have a role in such responsibilities in order to make a person, family and community different and healthier by providing coping skills with spiritual activities for people who are infected by HIV and who are suffering with AIDS. AIDS United is an organization that carries its mission in the U.S. to end the epidemic of AIDS since 1987. This organization has funded to local communities for syringe access, access to care, capacity building, HIV prevention and advocacy. AIDS United supports community-driven to HIV epidemic around the nation that reach populations with HIV/AIDS including gay and bisexual men and women, adolescents in school. References Albright, K.S., Gavigan, K. (2014) Information Vaccine: using Graphic Novels as an HIV/AIDS prevention resource for young adults. Journal of Education for Library & Information Science; Spring 2014, Vol.55 Issue 2, p178-185. Retrieved from GCU library. Coleman, C.L., Holzemer, W.L. (1999). Spirituality, psychological well-being and the quality of life. In L.A. peplau & D.Perlman (Eds), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp.224-237). New York: Wiley-Inter-science. Retrieved from Grand Canyon University(GCU) Library. Dalmida, S.G. (2006). Spirituality, Mental Health, Physical Health, and Health-related quality of life among women with HIV/AIDS: Integrating spirituality into mental health care. Issues in Mental health nursing. Vol. 27. Retrieved from GCU library. Maurer, F.A., Smith, C.M. (2009) Community/Public Health Nursing Practice: Health for families and populations (4th ed.)[Saunders Version] Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http://evolve.elsevier.co m Moss, J.A. (2013) HIV/AIDS Review. Journal of Radiologic Technology, 2013 Jan 1; 84(3) pp. 247-270. Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from GCU library. MayoClinic (n.d.). Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http://www.mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/hiv-aids/basics/causes/con-20013732 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) http://www.cdc.org/cough/index.htm World Health Organization(WHO) http://www.who.int