Commentary for a Piece of Original Writing Essay

For my first piece of original writing I intend to create a piece primarily written for entertainment however, I also want to portray an interest into historical and political persuasions. I aim to write this piece for an audience of teenagers to young adult who are aged from around fifteen to twenty-five and are male, I also wish to identify with those interested in political thrillers within this age range. The genre of which shall be a short fiction story consisting chiefly of narrative and written in the third person. I picture this piece as being one of a collection of short stories concerned with the political-thriller fiction sub-genre. Despite being a fiction text I aim to tie in real world non-fiction. I was inspired to write a story of this nature after watching Luc Besson’s ‘The Professional’, alongside reading material from Robert Harris, such as ‘Archangel’, ‘Fatherland’ and ‘Enigma’. I had previous experience reading this genre and being a big fan of Robert Ludlum I wanted to emulate the thrill I experienced from his work, in my own. To gain a firmer understanding of the style I would be pursuing I began to view examples of historical references from encyclopedias and journals and I also read books of historical sub-genre. This is my final draft of this piece and I have made various alterations from the previous drafts to enhance it. In general the changes were simple things such as correcting spelling and punctuation, slightly more significant was the rewording of concluding paragraphs to make it tidier and read or flow better. The most salient modification was trimming the use of figurative language; its use brings visual framework to the piece however overdoing it resulted in an awkward read. The changes I have made were a result of feedback I had attained from my friends, family and potential audiences who read my first drafts and gave me their honest opinions regarding it. I consider the changes I have made prior to completion have certainly improved the final draft of this piece; however, if I were to revise it once again I could continue to make improvements. This piece has been constructed to exploit the expectations of the reader by diverging from the conventions of traditional story telling; beginning, middle and end, respectively. By challenging this system I hope I have created an original piece that intrigues the reader. throughout the piece I have tried to maintain an atmosphere of consternation and to do so I have used many different grammatical and lexical techniques, for instance the use of certain semantic fields that are common with post cold war Russia such as ‘KGB’, ‘Prospekts’ and ‘Klashnikov AK-47’. I have also written using the semantic field of dirt and creating a feeling for the attitudes of the time. Again it can be shown here by ‘smog’, ‘sodden’ and ‘orifice’. Together these images conjure up the feeling of treacherousness and uneasiness. These words also relate to the sociolect of my political thriller enthusiasts that would have come across such words in the past. This gives them a sense of appreciation and common territory. I have chosen certain words to optimize the effect of connotation, exempli gratia I use the word ‘smog’ in place of fog or haze this is because smog has a polluted feeling, again reiterating the industrial power of Russia and the unwelcome feeling of wartime. This is complemented with the word ‘lingered’ – as opposed to ‘stayed’ – as an adverb to describe the smog. Not only have I used the emotive effects of connotation but combined with the use of figurative ornaments such as metaphors and similes; e.g. â€Å"like a sodden quilt†, and alliteration; e.g. â€Å"bald bloated body†, I have drawn a picture of â€Å"waking Moscow† through the lexis. To add some humour and variety into the piece I have played around with the pragmatics of certain situations, one of which is when Vladimir and Nikolai are talking, â€Å"he and I went back as far as Cuba and we had no secrets.† what I have tried to imply is the possibility of Vladimir being homosexual, which Nikolai picks up on and questions in the conversation. At the end of the piece I switch writing from third person into first person; â€Å"I can hear,† and â€Å"their souls†, this is so I can comment objectively on the events that had revealed themselves and stimulate the reader to resolve the story according to their own reading of it. The story is presented through narrative prose, using paragraphs to separate the text into more meaningful and accessible sections. Adjacency pairs determine the order of dialogue to replicate that of spoken text. Upon commencing this piece of writing it was my ambition to amuse and beguile an audience of comparable cultural elation to myself. The desire to write such a piece fired me with zeal and left my feeling rather ebullient. I feel I have successfully completed what I set out to do and by recording the response of my target audience to my final piece the consensus was that this was true.

Communication Release Chilean Miners Essay

The men trapped in the Chilean mine shaft was one of the world’s most successful operations to release miners from the long underground entrapment. The problem or controversy lied in the government restricting information to the men trapped and censoring and losing letters to the miners sent to them from their family and friends. The people thought this was unjust and failed to realize what rescue mission are all about. Psychological effects The letters sent by friends and family of the Chilean workers trapped underground were being kept by authorities due to the content and the authorities belief that it may have severe psychological impact. Authorities’ course of action caused uncertainty and further unseated the miners. Angry relatives were outraged and confronted government officials outside the cave of the San Jose mine. What the families failed to realize is how their form of communication could unintentionally adversely affect their mental state to the relatives or friends trapped under ground. The family’s side One of the miners, Victor Zamora, expressed his complaints to his family about receiving only one letter from them. He feared that his relatives were hiding things from him. His wife, Jessica Cortes, said that the family had sent at least fifteen letters and explained that she wrote daily, also his brothers and mother had sent many letters as well. What she never thought is what the most important thing was for those miners, uncensored communication with family at the risk of the miner’s mental health or freedom. Letters screened According to Jessica Cortes, there was a team of young women who were described as psychologist who read every letter and would place them in a bag and would only send letters to the miners that they deemed appropriate. The partial reason for this process was due to some miners having more than one woman or several. Reading and holding some of the mail was partially put in place to avoid troubling the miners from their women conflicts. In the beginning there were receiving roughly 33 letters and as the number of incoming letters increased into the hundreds it began to take up too much space, space that could be used to send food and water. Ultimately the rescue party chose food and water over letters and told the families to keep in mind that they were running a rescue operation, not a communications exercise (Solar, L. 2010). They were right in continuing with the rescue mission and not giving too much priority in sending mail because the most important thing is to get everyone out safely. Communication is a luxury that the rescuers and the company allowed to keep the men sane, but the priority should be rescue. Trapped for months During their entrapment the bicentennial celebration of the Chilean Independence day came up and the miners had requested wine and empanadas, along with cigarettes, which is a traditional celebratory menu. Although the psychologist on cite had considered the possibility of granting their request, with the support of health officials they denied the request by saying, â€Å"This is an emergency; we are not celebrating. The Chilean mining industry has 600 years of tradition and drinking inside the mine is not allowed,† said Iturra. Again this is a rescue mission not a mean of celebration and communication. If the people could see where the officials are coming from and why they deny certain requests they would be thankful that they care more about getting them out quickly than keeping them essentially imprisoned within a mine drunk and with lots of letters. Conclusion Search and rescue is defined as the search for and provision of aid to people who are in imminent danger or distress. Rescue missions are difficult, time consuming and stressful for all parties involved. Communication between families and the distressed individuals is not a necessity and only further impeaches on the rescue mission itself. People fail to realize that although it is nice to be able to make contact with family and friends that are in these types of scary situation it is a privilege awarded by authorities not a right. Their priority is to get people out safely in this case it was the collapse of a mine that entrapped several miners. References Franklin, J. (2010). Trapped Chilean miners, families frustrated over mail delivery. Retrieved from, The Washington Post. Johnson, B. (2010). Why is the rescue of the miners in Chile taking so long? Retrieved from about.com Solar, L. (2010). Digital Journal. Retrieved from http://digitaljournal.com/article/297127

Malnutrition Disease Process Essay

Causes: There is a wide variety of causes of malnutrition. An elderly person with dementia may forget to eat or to buy food. Poverty may cause a lack of food or lack of nutritious food. People in third world countries often do not have access to healthy foods. Other causes may be alcoholism, excessive dieting, throat or mouth cancer, decreased mobility, malabsorption, dialysis, fistulas, corticosteroid or oral antibiotic use, hypermetabolism, burns, trauma, or a lack of oral intake for 5-10 days for a variety of reasons. Incidence: Incidence of malnutrition in America is low, thought to be as low as 10% nationwide. Death from malnutrition in our country is extremely rare. Worldwide death from malnutrition among children under age 5 is thought to be as high as 50%. Prognosis: Prognosis is very good for patients with malnutrition in America. Most incidents are temporary and are a result of another condition. The malnutrition is very treatable with food, nutritional supplements such as Ensure, or parental feedings depending on the cause.

HIST101 era 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HIST101 era 1877 - Essay Example There were a number of opportunities to mend fences throughout the conflict, but most of them occurred at the beginning of the war. Before the fall of New York, it would have been possible to reach an agreement between the British and the American sides. Following this battle, the two sides were too militarily entrenched to reach an agreement. The rhetoric had become to heated and too many lives were lost. What the British failed to understand throughout the conflict was that the colonists wanted respect and more autonomy. They wanted to have more power over their own lives. This was a reasonable and natural request. By denying it, the British forced the Americans into drastic action. Even after the War started, colonists petitioned the King to change his mind and simply grant more power to the colonial legislatures. It is important to remember that Americans were divided over the war, with a large contingent of Loyalists living among the Revolutionary colonists. The British could ha ve made more overtures which would have split Americans even more, and perhaps led to peace rather than American Independence. If the British had not been so obstinate, peace might have prevailed. 2.In 1860, the institution of slavery was firmly entrenched in the United States; by 1865, it was dead. How did this happen?

Esay descripition and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Esay descripition and analysis - Essay Example It is interesting and vital to undertake a profound analysis of the character of Dylan, a 48 year old musician, who is going through depressed moods. In a close understanding of the story, it becomes lucid that Dylan, who writes songs for his living, is an alcoholic due mainly to his experiences. He is undergoing a divorce and he adores his two beautiful children. The basic problem with this character is that he does not any longer have respect for himself and he thoroughly feels helpless at times. "To overcome his depressed moods, he self medicates with near lethal doses of alcohol. But it is a condition of the treatment that he turns up sober to the sessions. In his sobriety, and under the group's gaze, he must face up to his compulsive behavior." (Yamey, 2000). Through the slow but skilful efforts of Charles Lathon, the therapist, the group in general and Dylan in particular discovers the factors behind the 'suffering conversations'. Therefore, the character of Dylan in the story has a major role to play in the group as he proves how Tuckman's model of group development fits to this group of six young men in search of life. The novel Groups gives a real-life account of the personal struggles of six young men and the experience of Dylan in the form of psycho therapy. Paul Solotaroff, the author, who is a journalist by trade and a former patient of a pseudonymous 'Dr.

Strategic management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic management - Coursework Example This specific strategy of Ferrari paid off due to its ability to supplement a large technical team that was dedicated to engine design and development. Another important strategy utilized by Ferrari was giving of high value for its reliable technical solutions. In particular, Ferrari tried to translate the driver’s senses into reliable technical solutions. After all, the drivers can actually say a lot of things about the entire performance of the car and its engine. In line with this, Ferrari is significantly on the right course in order to obtain its competitive advantage. With a highly reliable technical team, Ferrari can always have the great chance to maximize its potential in translating the needs or opinion of the drivers about the car’s general performance. Another important strategy used by Ferrari was its investment in highly talented drivers. Car-racing activity requires a highly and specially skilled driver due to its high level of risk and pressure towards e xcellence. In the end, it was not just the whole engine and car design that would matter, but the drivers in great detail. Thus, this was one of the major reasons why Ferrari was able to translate driver’s senses into reliable technical solutions. 2. Ferrari faced problems in the early 1970s because of some important strategic reasons. Their entire performance was based on its strategic activities done in order to plunge in the competition. However, such strategies they implemented in 1970s were not so remarkable compared to what they applied in between 1975 and 1978. Ferrari in the first place rarely attended car racing and focused so much time on car manufacturing. In this regard, Ferrari tried to rely on media and his advisors for information leading to being politicized most of the time. Furthermore, his first love was motor racing. Thus, there is a great possibility that lesser enthusiasm will be given to car racing even that the said activity gave a great amount of mone y for funding of his business. However, Ferrari was good at sourcing funds for his business. The merger with Fiat proved to be remarkable for outsourcing funds, but substantial pressure was packaged with it especially that competition for engine design proved to be a substantial trend in the market. Ford Motors was able to come up with Ford DFV engine which particularly dominated F1. Since Ferrari was good at giving focus on car manufacturing there was a good chance to dominate in the competition. However, due to age and health condition, Ferrari could not stand long to manage the entire business. Thus, the only good thing left was to hire for new technical in-charge and a new team boss. That was when Mauro Forghieri and Luca di Montezemolo were hired in the team. This paves way to a good starting point for the entire management of Ferrari and his team. Thus, it was clear enough that Ferrari just needed to have organized the management team in order to give so much focus on whatever is necessary in its entire business. From the start, Ferrari was losing focus on some major aspects of its business and one of them was forgetting to organize a highly organized and managed team. 3. The key elements of a successful F1 team include the utilization of human resource, cutting-edge technology and integrate them into one big marketing activity. The first element was the creation of drivers’ association through F1 and its drivers’

Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Media - Essay Example Today more than 250 million people accesses Facebook. Twitter also has more than 14 million users, and YouTube is viewed by 100 million viewers every month (Zarrella, 2010, p. 1). These statistics data show that a huge chunk of the population is attached with the social media; and if this opportunity is not utilized, it’s a total waste. This paper highlights legal requirements for social media marketing with special reference to Facebook. The Legal components for Social Media Marketing The huge popularity of the social media outlets has made the economists recognize and tap the market by appealing their products and services through these websites. As faster the website grows, the words spread quicker. Many of the marketers have utilized the social media in order to generate attention, promotion and exposure of their brands. But while utilizing the social media, the companies should have a sound knowledge of the legal system and requirement. Trademark and Copyright Issue While using the social media outlets for promoting their brands, the companies should protect their trademark and copyright. Since such a marketing leads to informal and impromptu communication on real time basis, the copyright and trademarks of the company may fall under third party abuse. To avoid this, company should regularly monitor the social media platform to ensure that there is no misuse of the intellectual property. There are special services that monitor the profile or consumer names that are alike to the company’s name or brand. Facebook has provided instructions for submitting takedown notice that relates to â€Å"allegedly copyright infringing content† (Steinman & Hawkins, 2010, p. 3) that comes under the â€Å"Federal Digital Millennium Copyright Act† (Steinman & Hawkins, 2010, p. 3). Deceptive and misleading Contents The law treats the social media marketing and the traditional marketing in the same way. The law states that promotion of any type of de ceptive or unfair practice is unlawful. The law prohibits any type of deceptive conduct like â€Å"advertising misleading price comparisons, rebates or sweepstakes promotions† (Steinman & Hawkins, 2010, p. 4). In 2009, there was a lawsuit for deceptive content against Zynga, which provides games in Facebook. Though it was proved that a third party marketer was responsible for deceptive advertising, but still both Facebook and Zynga were made liable for this act. Being a smart marketer, one has to be careful about such incidents. Terms and conditions of the social Media Social networking websites have their own terms and conditions regulating the advertising and commercial practices that are conducted on the websites like â€Å"consumer sweepstakes, contests, and giveaways† (Steinman & Hawkins, 2010, p. 5). The marketer has to be aware of the terms and conditions and has to act accordingly. The social networking sites often change these rules. One has to strictly monito r them. Facebook prohibits uploading of contents that infringes the right of the third party. Privacy and data security Since through social media, a brand’s product and services get promoted, this may raise an issue of security and privacy. It is important for the marketer of the company to be aware of these issues and take appropriate measures in order to minimize exposure to liabilities related to collection, maintenance and use of data. Facebook has its own privacy policies that regulate the use of third party conduct and consumers

Bayesian Estimation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bayesian Estimation - Essay Example bability is a number between 0 and 1 which is used to determine, the chances of occurrence of the specific outcome, if an experiment is repeated for 100 times over and over again. The humans are always interested in finding out what happened in the past and what is going to happen in the future as well. The historical article named â€Å"The Future has already happened† delivers the idea of Bayesian statistics very adequately as it states that one can easily extrapolate future events by observing the happenings of the present. Additionally, the main difference between Bayesian and traditional statistics is simple because the former one developed techniques for interval estimation for mean, standard deviation and proportion of target populations. The interval estimation works its numbers in order to find the maximum limit and minimum boundary in between which a parametric value can assume any figure. On the other hand, the traditional statistical theory is based on the belief t hat humans can measure parametric values with perfection and therefore, its followers came up with methods that can supposedly be used in order to determine point estimates of values of the population. The science is believed to be nothing more than a best guess and the whole world is demonstrating change of one kind or another. The point estimates are going to be good for one point in time. However, an interval estimate will be applicable in the fairly distant future. The old Greek scientists were of the view that human intellect is superior and they can estimate each and every thing in the world. Muslim scholars later came up with a logic that supported presence of change in the universe and one time experiment is expected to change in terms of its results in future. Bayesian statistics argue that humans cannot know anything for certain and therefore, they work in order to perfect the estimation techniques. The natural and physical laws do not change but human behavior does as time goes by.

Design and Facilities in Curry Leaf Restaurant is the United Kingdoms Assignment

Design and Facilities in Curry Leaf Restaurant is the United Kingdoms Finest Indian Restaurant - Assignment Example These project a beautiful inner view that attracts both locals and visitors making Curry Leaf restaurant the preferred place by many. The restaurant has a main objective of making sure that, it provides not only Indian cuisine but also an Indian environment for its customers. Therefore, the restaurant management has come up with two concepts on how to go about realizing this goal. The first one is that the management proposed to establish an Indian garden with an Indian touch. The management had in mind a place that gives its Indian customers and all its customers a pleasant interaction with the garden’s natural beauty. A garden is referred to as a place to grow the plant and exhibit a variety of plants for ornamental purpose or practical use. However, since the restaurant is located in town and space is limited, a good layout plan is needed to realize a natural Indian garden look. For instance, to come up with a house a professional architect is needed the same case with a garden. In order to realize satisfactory results from a garden, the garden should be designed carefully considering its permanent and se mi-permanent features (Miller et al, 2012). An Indian garden combines the aesthetic Indian beauty, artistry from India and knowledge on growth and development of plants as well as principles of garden maintenance practices. May it be arranging trees, climber, shrubs, or any other flowers, a design is relevant. This is because designs outline the character of an object or a place in serving its sole purpose. The design may either be aesthetic of economic in such a way it attracts only for a purpose (Miller et al, 2012). Therefore, there are a number of fundamental factors to consider. The first one is that the garden layout should be convenient and comfortable to the owner. The second one is that the design should be simple and selective. For example, in this case, the garden is an Indian garden; therefore, the design should be simple where even an American Indian will recognize the Indian touch at a glance.

Analysis of the Use of Tag Questions Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the Use of Tag Questions Essay Tag questions are those fragments at the end of a sentence when a person is asking to be affirmed. Instead of a statement being declarative or imperative, the use of the interrogative fragment at the end of the sentence reformulates the statement into a tag question (Akmajian 2001). Examples of variations of tag questions include â€Å"†¦, will you? †, â€Å"†¦, isn’t it? †, â€Å"†¦, okay? †, and â€Å"†¦, right? † Use of these interrogative fragments at the end of sentences are often referred to as leading questions, in that the questioner is desiring the answerer to verify what one is saying is true. In studying the use of tag questions among random groups of people of varying occupations and genders, it is interesting to note the ways in which certain tag questions are used in a wide range of settings. Men and women differ in their use of particular tag questions, as do people who are more or less familiar with one another (Lakoff, 1973). People from different cultures also use tag questions in various ways, placing emphasis on different word choices in various settings (Moore Podesva, 2009). This study aims to describe the ways in which tag questions are used in various populations and to make an assessment of the most widely used tag questions. In narrowing down the tag questions being studied, it is assumed that â€Å"okay† and â€Å"right† are the most commonly used tag questions. â€Å"Okay† is a tag question which is more open-ended and allows for the answerer to have more leeway in answering negatively. â€Å"Right† is a tag questions which is more close-ended and places more pressure on the answerer to answer affirmatively. In beginning to study linguistic patterns and collect data, it is hypothesized that the most often used tag question will be the use of the tag â€Å"okay†, with â€Å"right† being used more often by males than females. Methodology In studying the linguistic patterns of people in speech and writing, data was collected about the speakers and contextual situations, including the tag question being used, the gender of the questioner, the gender of the answerer, the familiarity of questioner and answerer, and the channel of communication. There were various situations in which the use of tag questions was identified, including discussions between men, women, elderly, adults, children, spouses, coworkers, friends, and strangers, and in informal settings, formal settings, stores, workplaces, face to face, telephone, and electronic messaging. Each noted tag question was recorded in a small notebook, collecting data on the diverse amounts of tag questions being used in a wide range of natural settings. By paying attention to nearby conversations and online messages, one is able to gather a significant amount of information about linguistic patterns, including the prominence and level of occurrence of various tag questions. It is important for linguistic researchers to be good listeners and to make careful observations of the situations they are attempting to describe. The moment in which a tag question is utilized comes very suddenly, and the good linguist has one’s ears perked for these significant moments and is able to take a virtual snapshot of the scene, including and emphasizing the use of language. In this study, 50 different random occurrences of the use of tag questions in society were collected, with significant identifiers and situational circumstances being recorded.

Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers: An Analysis

Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers: An Analysis This dissertation will look at the recruitment and retention of volunteers within St Lukes Hospice Charity Shops, based in London. Whilst some aspects will be similar to the recruitment and retention of paid employees, it is essential to understand the differences between the two groups of staff. The recruitment and retention of volunteers raises many of the same challenges as those involving paid workers, but the solutions may differ (Suff, 2008). However, Olga Aikin points out that the legal status of volunteers and the duties owed to them by employers are not necessarily clear. She believes that the ambiguity is caused by the term volunteer having no universal meaning. Aiken (2009) explains that at common law level the status is relatively simple. The status can be determined by asking the question did the parties have a binding contract? For an agreement to become a binding contract there has to be mutuality of obligations and an intention for the agreement to be legally binding. At common law the parties can agree that the agreement will not be legally binding (a so-called gentlemans agreement) (Aikin, 2009) Aiken goes on to clarify that it if often wrongly thought that a contract relating to employment must include monetary benefit, however this is not the case. For there to be a contract there must be mutuality of obligation, meaning that each party must receive some benefit, and be under some obligation. The individual must receive some consideration for his or her work. This consideration does not have to be money; it could include other benefits such as training or accommodation, however, mandatory training, or training to allow a volunteer to carry out their role is not excluded (Aikin, 2009). Due to this it is essential that volunteers do not receive benefits for their role. Whilst the paying of expenses is acceptable, St Lukes would be restricted in offering volunteers other benefits which fall outside of this. It is important to establish from the outset that the person is working in a voluntary capacity, to avoid the organisation facing problems further down the line, including possible claims for payment and other benefits related to employment. Formal volunteering is defined as unpaid voluntary work carried out with, or under the auspices of, an organisation., whilst informal volunteering is defined as unpaid or voluntary work carried out outside organisations, often at neighbourhood level, but outside the immediate family (Volunteer Development Agency, 2007). Phil Hope from the Cabinet Office (Association of Volunteer Managers, 2007) defines volunteering as: any non-compulsory activity which involves spending time, unpaid, doing something which is of benefit to others (excluding relatives), society or the environment The Volunteer Development Agency (2005) defines volunteering as The commitment of time and energy for the benefit of society and the community, the environment or individuals outside ones immediate family. It is undertaken freely and by choice, without concern for financial gain. The difference between paid staff and volunteers is often not clear. Kate Engles (Volunteering England, 2006) says that: Although both permanent staff and volunteers can be motivated by the cause of the organisation, for the former there is always the additional motivation of remuneration. So it is very important that volunteer managers are aware of the wider motivations that volunteers have, because that is why they are there. A paid employee will have a contract of employment and have clear workplace rights. A volunteer does not, so the relationship is based on reasonable expectations. It is important that the terminology in a volunteering agreement refers to role, and not job, description, for example, so that it is not inferred that the volunteer is a paid employee. Similarly, volunteers should only be reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses, as any subsistence or payment could be construed as a wage. One of the other major differences between volunteers and paid staff is in the recruitment process. When recruiting paid staff the process results in the most suitable person for the job being appointed. With volunteers however, the approach is often different, with the process being a lot more flexible, allowing the organisation to tailor roles to suit the individual. If an individual if unsuitable for the role for which they have applied, it is often possible to point them in the direction of an alternative department or role, for which the organisation would be able to use them. This is a tactic that St Lukes use, predominantly when individuals under the age of 18 apply to volunteer within the hospice setting. Engles continues to say that there are some requirements which help to differentiate between the two groups. These include the organisation having a volunteering policy which sets out how the volunteering arrangement should work in practice, covering recruitment, supervision, training and development and reimbursement of expenses. WRVS also recommends having good-practice policies in place to manage the volunteer workforce, mirroring the approach of policies which are in place for permanent staff. This should include documentation which clearly sets out expectations for both volunteers and the organisation about what can be expected from volunteering. (Volunteering England, 2006) This was something that was implemented in 2008 at St Lukes Hospice, called a Statement of Mutual Expectation. The Statement of Mutual Expectation is a document which clearly states what is expected of volunteers whilst working at St Lukes, and what volunteers can expect from St Lukes whilst working for the organisation. It was drawn up in agreement with a volunteer focus group, to ensure that volunteers were in agreement and that the expectations were realistic from both parties. Suff (2008) believes that having the right person, in the right place, at the right time, is central to organisational performance. Recruitment is an essential activity for organisations as a whole, not just for the HR team, but also for line managers who have become increasingly involved in the selection process (CIPD, 2009). This principal does not just relate to the recruitment of paid employees, but to volunteers too. The volunteer recruitment process should reflect that of paid staff. Prior to recruiting for a position the CIPD recommends investing time to gather information relating to the role, including the roles purpose, the outputs required by the role holder and how it fits into the organisations structure. When considering the role it is also important to take in to account the skills and personal attributes needed to perform the role effectively (CIPD, 2009). This should be the first step in the recruitment process. This should also include looking at how volunteers will be supported and managed whilst working with the organisation. By including both paid staff and current volunteers in the planning process, it ensures that everyone has an input and understands the volunteers involvement. By involving senior management and board members in any planning, this ensures that the organisation has commitment at strategic level. The National Centre for Volunteering agrees that successful recruitment is heavily dependent upon organisations identifying what is needed from potential volunteers by understanding the specific roles, and recruiting to them (McCurley and Lynch, 1998). McCurley and Lynch (1998) found that there is evidence that shows potential volunteers are attracted to the type of tasks or the nature of the role when being recruited to an organisation. It is therefore important that these are in place before the recruitment process starts. As well as being attracted to the roles offered, each volunteer has a reason for wanting to give their time for free. By identifying these motivations, the organisation will be able to match the needs of the volunteer with the needs of the organisation. Motivation factors include a commitment to the organisation. Within a local Hospice this may be that a friend or relative has received care, meeting people and socialising, gaining skills, or utilising existing skills (Volunteering England, 2006). The 2008 Institute for Volunteering Research paper Young people help out: Volunteering and giving among young people explain that the volunteering agenda believes young people volunteering has a positive impact, including increasing skills and employability, enhancing social cohesion, integrating young people in to society and reducing crime and anti social behaviour. Once the role has been planned for, the organisation needs to generate interest from external individuals. This can be done by advertisements in newspapers, on commercial job boards and on websites, including the organisations (CIPD, 2009). Regional newspapers often offer free advertisement space to charities, which can benefit both the organisation and the publisher. CIPD believes that as the use of technology in recruitment increases, organisations are adapting, and creating databases or pools of ready candidates, who can be kept in reserve, for as and when positions in the organisation arise, without the need to re-advertise (CIPD, 2009). This is not an area that St Lukes have attempted, due to lack of technology within the organisation. Also, with so many voluntary positions in the organisation, the majority of people can be placed immediately. As well as the recruitment process identifying suitable individuals, it can also be used to allow candidates to find out more about the organisation. It is also used for the individual to assess the organisation, and decide whether it is the right environment for them to work. As the experience of all applicants impacts on their view of the organisation, it is vital that each stage of the recruitment process is managed effectively and to the best of the organisations ability (CIPD, 2009). This is particularly important in an organisation such as St Lukes Hospice, who are community based, and rely heavily on word of mouth for recruitment and support. WRVS uses a variety of methods to attract potential volunteers. These include local media, attendance at events, local recruitment campaigns and word of mouth. One consideration with word-of-mouth approaches is that there could be an impact on diversity if people of similar backgrounds are coming forward, so we balance that method with other promotional activities, head of people volunteering at WRVS Chris Dobson says The CIPD Recruitment, Retention and Turnover Annual Survey 2009 found that the number of voluntary, community and not-for-profit organisations experiencing difficulty in recruiting for one or more category of vacancy in 2009 has decreased, compared to the 2008 figure, from 82% to 79%. However, the same report found that organisations with fewer than 250 employees are increasingly finding difficulty in recruiting for one or more category of vacancy in 2009 at 83%, up from 80%. The previous year CIPD also believe that effective recruitment is crucial to organisations for successful day to day running, and that it should not only be carried out to fulfil current needs, but should consider future needs, which will impact on the organisations resourcing (CIPD, 2009). However, in such a small organisation, the luxury of future planning is not always possible. With so many volunteer roles needing filling, planning for the future is not a priority. For recruitment to be effective, it is essential that there needs to be some understanding on where potential volunteers would look for current opportunities. Volunteer Development Scotland (VDS) research (2006) shows that 69% of existing volunteers became involved in volunteering through being asked to help. VDS however found that from the group of people asked, comprising of existing volunteers and non volunteers that the most popular places people believed they would look include the library, internet, direct to the organisation which they are interested in, a volunteer centre, or by speaking to their family and friends. These findings differ from the reality. Organisations can use a variety of methods to recruit volunteers. One of these is promoting itself to potential volunteers. Ways of doing this include informal methods, such as word of mouth by existing volunteers, as well as more formal methods, such as advertising. Word of mouth should not be under estimated. In a community charity it is a very powerful tool. Danson (2003) found that those who did not have access to these networks would become excluded from volunteering. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“However, the socially excludedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are the least well informed about volunteering and the least networked into existing volunteers (Danson, 2003). For young people, aged 16 24 years, word of mouth was the most popular route in to volunteering (Institute for Volunteering Research, 2008). Institute for Volunteering Research (Gaskin, 2003) conducted research, using volunteers and non volunteers, and found that recruitment messages can be targeted to particular groups of people through advertising. What Gaskin was demonstrating, was that for a modern image of volunteering, organisations should use innovative media, emphasising the benefits of volunteering. For an outreach approach, organisations should be using talks, road shows and presence at public events, which could be incorporated with fundraising events. Lastly, for maximising word of mouth recruitment organisations should be encouraging current volunteers to act as ambassadors for volunteering within the organisation. Baird (2005) has found that often, non-volunteers have little knowledge of the activities undertaken by volunteers, or the number of hours and commitment which would be required of them to join an organisation. Baird also found that potential volunteers like to know how their time can make a difference to others, the organisation, or the environment and what they themselves could gain from volunteering. Whilst some volunteers like to know what they gain personally, this would also depend on their motivation for volunteering, as mentioned by Volunteering England. It is therefore important when planning and designing the volunteer role, to include information such as amount of time involved and any ongoing commitment requirements. It is vital to remember that volunteers are an important, if not invaluable resource for many organisations, and their recruitment and retention needs to be treated with as much care and detail as that of paid employees. Whilst motivational factors may differ between paid employees and volunteers, many aspects of people management remain the same. Volunteering is a major activity in the UK, with the  governments citizenship survey (2007) identifying that three-quarters (73%) of all adults in England and Wales undertook some form of volunteering in the previous 12 months, with almost half (48%) of adults surveyed claiming to do voluntary work on a regular basis, at least once a month (Suff, 2008). However, the extent to which volunteers are used within organisations varies considerably, ranging from organisations who solely depend on unpaid staff, to organisations who have minimal volunteer involvement. The Institute for volunteering Research (2008) found that in the previous year, 59% of organisations surveyed had experienced some problems with recruiting enough volunteers, with a similar proportion (57%) reporting difficulties in recruiting volunteers with the skills their organisation required. Kate Engles, Policy and Information Officer at Volunteering England, says that there is a range of support available for charities trying to attract volunteers, including volunteer centres, who offer advice to organisations on working with volunteers. They also advertise organisations volunteering opportunities to the local community. However, this is an approach that St Lukes have previously tried, using volunteer centres in Harrow and Brent, with little success. Chris Dobson, head of people volunteering at WRVS explains the demographic changes since the formation of WRVS 70 years ago (Volunteering England, 2009): Since WRVS was formed 70 years ago, peoples lifestyles have changed significantly. For example, at first there was a big group of women who did not work, but today most women do work and so do not necessarily have the free time to volunteer. This means we have to work a bit harder and be a bit more creative in how we attract potential volunteers. St Mungos, a homeless charity based in London, use a range of approaches to promote volunteering opportunities, including free advertising in London newspapers. This is an approach that St Lukes have tried in the past; however this was not very successful in terms of recruiting volunteers but did provide free press coverage to a large reader group. (Volunteering England, 2009) St Mungos is also registered with several national volunteering databases, as well as having forged links with University College London and London Metropolitan University, due to the universities course provision relating to the work done by St Mungos. St Lukes work closely with Thames Valley University, by providing accredited modules in Palliative Care as part of their degree programme. However, students who spend time at St Lukes as part of the module do not volunteer for the charity whilst training to become specialist palliative care nurses. They carry out supervised placements within the hospice, but no students have so far extended their time to volunteering outside of the module. When recruiting volunteers for the organisation it is important to understand diversity and the role which it should play. Diversity includes physical and non physical differences, with a number of personal characteristics covered by discrimination law. These give people protection against being treated unfairly, with the protected characteristics including age, race, disability, sex, religion and belief and sexual orientation. Diversity in volunteering should mean that people from diverse backgrounds, with diverse skills, can volunteer, regardless of any of these characteristics (CIPD, 2010). There are many compelling reasons to attract a diverse mix of volunteers, such as reflecting the community or client group, encouraging inclusion and encouraging new skills and backgrounds into the organisation, because there is greater flexibility in the recruitment process for volunteers, there is greater scope to encourage greater diversity. Kate Engles (Volunteering England, 2009) observes. The Institute for volunteering Researchs 2008 study found that more than half of participating organisations (56%) had experienced problems recruiting volunteers from a wide range of social and community backgrounds. Volunteer Development Agency (2005) states that when talking about a diverse organisation, it is one that represents the community that it is in. In an area as diverse as Harrow and Brent, this is a particularly relevant challenge, and one that needs to be overcome to ensure the future of volunteers within the hospice. Over the past 5 years WRVS has worked to implement a diversity strategy. This is in an attempt to enhance its reputation and image, resulting in widening its potential recruitment pool. The reason for WRVS implementing this was that it views volunteers as the public face of the organisation, and believes that if they reflect todays diverse society, then individuals will more easily identify with it (Volunteering England, 2009). For St Lukes, this is also an influencing factor, along with the need to diversify to continue to attract volunteers from the local community. The CIPD give several examples of why an organisation would want to become more diverse. To be competitive, everyone within the organisation needs to make their best contribution. By employing a diverse workforce, this allows for a more diverse skills mix. A diverse workforce can help in market competitiveness, opening up new market opportunities, increasing market share or expanding an organisations customer base. It can benefit the organisation by brining fresh ideas and perspectives from people with different experiences and backgrounds. It can also help to ensure that the services the organisation offers are relevant to the community (Volunteer Development Agency, 2005). To implement a diversity strategy within an organisation, it needs to start with buy in from senior management, and include changes in workplace behaviour, communication and training (CIPD, 2010). CIPD Recruitment, Retention and Turnover Annual Survey 2009 found that 94% of voluntary, community or not for profit organisations surveyed monitored recruitment to gain information on gender, ethnic origin, age and disability and 70% train interviewers to understand what diversity is and the impact on stereotypes. The benefits of having a diverse workforce are also highlighted in the Institute for Volunteering research paper Regular and occasional volunteers: How and why they help out (2008). The report found that although there are no significant differences between regular and occasional volunteers when it comes to gender or ethnicity, the age of the volunteer can make a difference. Volunteers aged 25 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 44 years old and more likely to be occasional volunteers, whilst those aged over 65 are more likely to commit to regular volunteering opportunities. Retention is the process in which employees are encouraged, through various means, to remain working for the organisation. This can be ongoing, or until the completion of the project. Employee retention is beneficial for both the organisation and the individual, and it is seen as the responsibility of the employer to ensure that the employee stays working for the organisation by using compensation, environment, support, growth and relationship. (CIPD, 2010) Retention of volunteers is just as important as the recruitment. Previous literature has cited negative experiences within organisations as well as personal factors, as reasons why people leave volunteering. Examples include lack of relevant training, poor supervision within the role and uninteresting duties (Alexander, 2000). Other factors include feelings of being overburdened and undervalued (Locke, Ellis Davis-Smith, 2003). Whilst it is not a fail safe way of ensuring high retention figures, there are many processes in place within the Shops Company which work towards addressing these issues. All volunteers are issued with a manual when commencing their role, which needs completing in agreement with the shop manager. Volunteers have set roles within the shops, and have regular parties to show appreciation for their hard work and commitment, along with birthday cards set as a sign of thanks. A thorough induction programme is also thought to be essential, to make volunteers feel comfortable, welcome and able to carry out their role with confidence. It should include an introduction to the organisation, including the organisations ethos and how they can personally contribute as a member of the volunteer team, an introduction to staff and volunteers with whom they will be working, an introduction to their new role, and also cover legislation, including health and safety (Help the Hospices, 2004). Beugen (in Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers, 2007) found that it is important to recognise that the needs and motivations of volunteers change over their time volunteering for an organisation. He believes that volunteers progress through a motivation life cycle, much the same as paid employees in any organisation. The first stage of Beugens life cycle of volunteers is the exploratory stage. This is when the new volunteers are still exploring the possibilities of being a volunteer, and trying out their new role within the organisation. At this stage Beugen believes that it is important to give reassurance to the volunteer, to find out their expectations and to discuss any uncertainties that they may have. The second stage of the life cycle is the period where volunteers are developing themselves and their role. They do this by analysing what they are doing and improving on their performance. Support for the volunteer doesnt need to be as intensive as the first stage during stage two, however it is still important to maintain contact with and encourage the volunteer. (Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers, 2007) Ongoing training is important during the second stage to allow for continual development. Beugen believes that this helps to create a sense of commitment to the organisation, resulting in higher retention rates. He also thinks that it is also important to recognise volunteers achievements and to acknowledge the value of their contribution to the organisation. Recognition can be formal (e.g. certificates, long service awards) or informal (e.g. birthday cards, cakes). The final stage of Beugens life cycle is maturity. This is where the volunteer is ready to share their skills and knowledge, and to support and lead other volunteers. In an organisation with a lot of volunteers, this stage of the life cycle is important, as it allows established volunteers to share their experiences and knowledge to newer volunteers, and to possibly give a different perspective on the role than that of a paid member of staff. By involving existing volunteers in this knowledge sharing it is preventing them from losing interest and motivation. Beugen points out that it is important to recognise that total retention isnt necessarily a good thing. He believes that once a volunteer has gained new skills and interests they may be ready to move on to another organisation. This may not be necessary if the organisation is large enough to have a range of roles to keep the volunteer motivated and interested. Holmes (in Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers, 2007) comments that the recruitment and retention procedures advised by many organisations are over-formal and similar to the personnel practices for paid staff. Despite this formal approach having advantages to both managers and volunteers in its structured approach research has found that volunteers often find this approach off-putting (Gaskin, 2003; Holmes, 2004). The Institute for volunteering Research (2003) asked volunteers what factors contribute to a satisfying and enduring volunteering experience in order to help organisations recruit and retain. IVR found that what puts volunteers off is feeling used, not appreciated, not consulted and not accommodated. They found that volunteers want to feel welcome, secure, respected, informed, well used and well managed. Since they do not have the incentive of financial gain, rewards must be supplied in other ways. Kate Engles (Volunteering England, 2009) comments: Many volunteer-involving organisations use volunteers Week in June to give awards or celebrate their volunteers by an outing or picnic, for example. Saying thank you costs nothing and goes a long way. Birthday cards or small gifts can also have a lot of meaning for the recipient. Birthday cards for all volunteers are sent annually, with tea parties held during volunteers week in June as recognition of the volunteer teams extensive work at St Lukes. At St Mungos, the belief if that if volunteers can see that they are making a difference within the charity, and that they are working for a professional organisation then this will  help boost retention. This is done by integrating volunteers in to the Mungos family, by making them feel like a part of the permanent workforce (Volunteering England, 2009). Similarly to the integration of volunteers at St Mungos, St Lukes have invested time in altering its culture. Historically, within St Lukes, volunteers and paid staff have been treated very differently, with separate inductions, handbooks, social events etc. However, since 2007 work has been carried out at St Lukes, to establish a less them and us culture. This work started with the setting up of several focus groups, to enable volunteers to have more input in to the organisation. Yet, since this work in 2007, retention rates have not improved. Approximately half of the organisations surveyed in the Volunteer Development Agency 2009 survey said that during the first quarter of 2009 the number of people applying to volunteering within their organisation had stayed the same, with 39% or organisations seeing an increase. The most common reason for an increase in applicants was that people wanted to increase their employability skills to aid finding paid work. The most common reason for decreases in volunteer applications because people had less time to come forward for volunteering. The organisations who stated that they saw an increase in volunteer application in the first quarter of 2009 were asked to clarify the % increase that they had seen compared to the same period in 2008. 59% said that they had seen an increase of 1-25% and 27% had seen a 26-50% increase. Looking towards the future, the organisations surveyed predicted that the major challenges facing them over the coming 6 months were related to funding / limited resources and the need to adapt to changing motivations / expectations of volunteers. 90% of the organisations who responded to this survey were from the Voluntary and Community sector. The remaining 10% were split between organisations with a remit in church / faith, sports and social enterprise. The largest had 1080 volunteers. Although extremely difficult the quantity, the perceived monetary worth of one hour of volunteers time to the organisations surveyed average out at  £9.24, which ranged from  £0- £30. With over 700 volunteers, it is estimated that St Lukes saves in excess of over  £1,000,000 per annum. Participating organisations are quoted as saying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Volunteers at present are needing greater flexibility, this is ok to a point but does cause our organisation problems. Volunteers are not committing themselves for long periods any more, in the past the average duration for volunteers was 2-3 years, now that is down to 6-12 months (Volunteer Development Agency, 2009). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The majority of our volunteers are women and to date a few of them were unavailable to volunteer because they have had to look for paid work when their husbands became unemployed. This trend may increase (Volunteer Development Agency, 2009). In the report Volunteering in UK Hospices: looking to the future Smith, J (2004) estimates that each Hospice volunteer contributes approximately  £1,500 a year worth of work, using nearly  £200 of management time. Using this calculation it becomes clear how invaluable Hospice volunteers are, as the Shops operation would not be able to operate to such an extensive profit without them. With plans for the Hospice to continue expanding, and the opening of more shops in the local area, it is essential that the Hospice has a strategy in place to ensure that there is a constant supply of volunteers joining the workforce to allow this to happen. As well as looking at new ways of recruiting volunteers, it is vital that the Hospice acknowledges the need to retain the volunteers is currently utilises, as they have a wealth of knowledge. As well as knowledge, Smith, J (2004) identified that volunteer commitment increases with length of service. Statistics released by Volunteering England (2009) show that demand for volunteer placements in the 6 months prior to the report (March à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" September 2009) increased in 86% of volunteer placement centres. A recent survey by Howard Lake (2009) for Institute of Fundraising found that Hospices were bucking the economic gloom. Lake found that people in the South East of England were still volunteering, and believes this to Runaway Children: Causes and Strategies for Protection Runaway Children: Causes and Strategies for Protection Abstract Surprisingly there is less knowledge to our public of the significance of runaway children and their problems particularly in less developed Asian countries which include Pakistan. A general statistics collected by the police department which is not an exact estimate and this wrong data might lead to this problem being intense. Subsequently, with elapsing time this problem is becoming more serious due to deteriorating financial and political condition and coming into consideration of the government. Therefore the government of Punjab with help of UNICEF on 17 March 2003 at Lahore initiated an organization named (CPWB) Child Protection and Welfare Bureau. This is the most renowned organization operating presently in Pakistan dealing with the problems of runaway children quite efficiently with foreign helps on a large scale. It is aimed for the recovery, rescue, and rehabilitation of poor and destitute children involved in abuse, beggary, burglary, neglected and exploitation by adults. A number of institution of CP and WP are being operated in major cities of Pakistan which include 2 branches in Lahore, Gujranwala, Multan ad Faisalabad. Acknowledgements With the name of ALLAH ALMIGHTY we were able to finish our research paper. This research was conducted with the support of the organization named CHILD PROTECTION AND WELFARE BUREAU. We greatly thank the staff members of CP WB for the cooperation. Special thanks is placed to â€Å" Mr. Roa Khalil Ahmad† the â€Å"Assistant Director† for guiding us throughout our visit to the Bureau and arranging a productive interview with â€Å"Muhammad Amin Malik† the â€Å"Child Protection Officer† of the bureau. Responsibility of the research paper remains with the group members which include â€Å"Furqan Fasahat†, â€Å"Kanza Munir†, â€Å"Sana Rizwan†, â€Å"Maliha Zahid† and â€Å"Amna Mahmood†. Problems of runaway children The term â€Å"Runaway Children† is referred to those kids or youngsters who have been found missing from home for about a few days. This is a voluntary act by the children who face miserable financial and family issues which cause them to leave their homes and become a part of public places. Due to lack of knowledge and understanding the concept or idea of lost and missing children is less acknowledged among people of Pakistan, although it is a serious issue which is considerably growing with time. In Pakistan there is less documentation in the relevant department which lead to lack of essential information on this serious social issue. This has been under notice by UNICEF for a long period of time because this problem is quite serious and prevalent in Asian countries especially Pakistan being a less developed nation is a major victim of it. As the financial and political conditions of Pakistan are deteriorating with time this problem has come under notice by the Government of Pakistan from recent years and necessary steps have been taken at a large scale in order to deal with this problem. All the children are in growing process so it is natural that they are emotionally immature. In this developing age appropriate freedom for communication and proper space to express their emotions and views should be provided. When this lacks and no family support is provided a feeling of loneliness cause them to runaway. Runaway is regarded as a serious social issue. The children who leave their homes voluntarily face miserable domestic conditions which are at times intolerable. The experiences faced by these runaway children include neglect ion, physical and sexual abuse, parental disputes which gives a sense of insecurity, sibling rivalry, failure in studies or exams and the fear of parents. The first, foremost subtopics under consideration which are to be researched are the causes and circumstances which cause the young children to run away from their homes. This is assigned to Maliha Zahid. The second subtopic which needs to be discussed is the problems faced by children when they run away and this will be covered by M. Furqan Fasahat. The third domain which is important is the effects on the society and to be done by Amna Mahmood. Moreover, the NGOs are to be researched for this topic, and its role played in the dealing with this issue in Lahore and is worked upon by Sana Rizwan. Lastly, the criminal activities in which these children get involved will be discussed by Kanza Munir. These above stated aspects will be worked upon by us in this research project. This topic is quite vast and more areas can also be covered to enhance the research which includes that do the children desire to go back home, or prefer living in other places. Furthermore, the research can be further enhanced by looking into the struggle of parents in finding their missing children. But these aspects are not to be discussed or researched. Literature Review The topic being focused in our research is â€Å"Runaway Children†. The forces and circumstances responsible for runaway, practice by children, and their rescue and protection against exploitation. According to Rana Asif Habib, convener of initiator, there are around 10000 children in Pakistan who live in the streets. A research conducted revealed that among the runaway children 66% are victim of violence at home, education center and work place. Only in Karachi, 30000 of these children are deprived of homely comfort and are exposed to drug and sexual abuse. In order to protect, the need of legislation on child right is stressed. At least in Punjab there is a Bill of 2004 for â€Å"Destitute and Neglected Children Protection†, whereas other provinces are without any legislation. Therefore shelters and rehabilitation centers must be set up and run by state, health services and education facilities must be provided to the destitute children. On the recommendation of the UNCRC committee drafted a bill which is further waiting for legislation regarding child rights.() The Pakistan Penal Code section 89 has made corporal punishment lawful which rather spoils the confidence of child to exist as a respectable person. It plays rather a negative role and discourages children from going to schools. Humaira Butt, SPARC School Project coordinator, said that there must be other ways besides corporal punishment, which can be effective in making discipline. It is revealed that because of corporal punishment 50% of the children runaway from schools and increases the rate of runaway children. The most common reason why children run away is divorce and parental disputes. The second danger is the pressure of â€Å"predators† present everywhere in our community, and its difficult to recognize them as they look like the â€Å"guy next door†. The next is the abduction of children by their non custodial parents for using them for their own selfish interest. Fourthy many children are abducted and sold for body parts due to the underground business in practice on internet. Young girls are in danger of being kidnapped and sold for prostitution. Many children run away because of abuse and neglect by their foster parents. In developed countries like USA an â€Å"Amber Alert† system in developed. â€Å"Police can act on tips to locate a missing child† which is encouraging. The article deals with an encouraging factor that the director of the film Slumdog Millionaire, Danny Boyle, and the producer, Christian Colson, set up a charity trust Jai Ho for helping poor children in Mumbai, India. The NCRC bill does not enjoy redressal power and same is with NCCWD. Problems in budget allocation in the health and education sector for children also exits. The committee is against the tendency of corporal punishment giving to school going children, because it lowers the literacy rate further in Pakistan. Another tragedy is the non registration of 70% of children at the time of birth, and the bonded labor practices in many industries and informal sectors, affecting the poorest and most vulnerable children prohibiting slavery and all form of forced labor. Though Employment of Children Act 1991 exists yet the awareness is non existent so no one report to the police and judiciary. The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) is deeply concerned that the minimum age of criminal responsibility continues to remain very low (7 years) therefore government should raise it to an internationally acceptable level. The number of children in prisons is high and number of juvenile courts, trained lawyers and p robation officers is insufficient. Faisal Kamal Pasha and Obaid Abrar Khan, Friday, September 11, 2009. The News It is told that Pirwadhai bus stand provide informations that mostly there runaway belongs to families facing object poverty, illiterate and orphans. These children get involved in drugs and some are addicts of sniffing an adhesive. The city police officer Rao Muhammad Iqbal said that these children are sent to the Child Protection and Welfare Bureau. The CP and WB have recovered 1251 children from March 2008 as reported. Edhi, the social worker of Edhi Foundation, arranged a bus from Karachi to Lahore to recruit children who were lost or had run away. Social worker says that Pakistan has a large population of runaway children or lost children, estimating their number at more than 20,000. Naveed Hasan Khan of Azad Foundation estimates that there are 13,000 to 15,000 in Karachi alone and the number in increasing. The UN, UNICEF estimates that there are 10,000 in Karachi. Due to poverty some parents are reluctant to receive their children from Edhi Homes, and also some children do not want to go back. The articles reviewed in this research give the factual detail regarding the certain barriers which contradict the final solution of the problems. Though the NGOs and social workers work with vigor to eradicate this evil yet the responsibility of the state is the first and foremost demand. Government institutions like Police and judiciary must play its adequate role required for addressing the cases with iron hands. Budget must be allocated to the centers of rehabilitation to let the victims get protection. Social values must be up held, especially at the domestic front. Parents and relatives must perform their duty towards small children. Instead of fighting on their own disputes the must be forced to safeguard the basic rights of their of springs. After all the parents are responsible for the upbringing of children, if they cannot take care of the tender hearts why at all they had the privilege to be called parents. Poverty must be lessened and education be made accessible to all i n order to stop children runaway. Research Questions Domain Questions: What are the causes and circumstances of running away? What are the problems faced by children who runaway? What role is played by the NGOs for supporting runaway children? What are the effects on the society of these runaway children? What kind of criminal activities take place? Subsidiary questions: What are the major reasons for running away from home and family Which is the most common age for running away Description of the abuses and strange experiences faced by children which caused them to runaway Where do the children go after running away? How do these children survive? How are they treated by the people around the outside world? What difficulties are faced by them? How do the bureau contact their parents? What type of background do these children have? How the NGO support them? How is the issue handled by the ngos? What is their behavior when they are rescued by the organization? What problems the organization face in handling such children? From where do these children come from? What are the social effects on the society of street children? Details of the main places in Lahore for runaway children. Description of the psyche of runaway children What are the measures and steps taken for these runaway children Who helps in promoting criminal activities? What incentives are provided to such children? Reasons for being involved in criminal activities? Which sector of the society is involved in exploiting these children? Research and methodology While the research was conducted, the first visit to the bureau was dated 26-03-2011 but it was not much productive. Only a meeting with the assistant director â€Å"Rao Khalil Ahmad† was possible in which the main topic of the research, goals and the purpose of visit was explained. In addition, a copy of interview question which were to be asked by the organization representative and the runaways, were handed over and the date and time of the interview was assigned by the assistant director. In exchange a handout of brief history, background and establishment of the bureau was given. The assigned date of the interview was 02-04-2011 and proved successful. The Child Protection Officer, â€Å"Muhammad Amin Malik† gave a well prepared and satisfactory interview which greatly helped in the research paper. The interview involved all the group members of which four were asking questions and one was busy in recording the movie of the interview. The answers of the interview qu estions were noted on the interview sheets provided by the instructor and were later signed and stamped by the CPO person. Second interview was with the runaway children in the bureau and while moving to the department of children the surroundings of the organization were keenly observed. Each child was asked similar questions, that is reason for running away, strange experiences if any, any involvement in criminal activities etc. Moreover, 20 questionnaires were prepared and filled in by the general public and the sample included students of LSE and family members. The interview with the CPO provided ample information relating to the organization, history and background of the problem plus the bureau. Different experiences quoted by affected children were separated related to each domain and helped in analyzing the topic well. The annual report of bureau provided exact facts, figures, dates and statistical information in detail of the organization. The answers of the filled questionnaires were decoded in Microsoft Excel and statistically analyzed in Stat graphics. Analysis of data and discussion Causes and reasons Children who run away from home are typically fueled by an overload of depression, anxiety, a sense of loneliness and alienation from their families and society. These kids often feel as if they have little support in times of trouble and no where to run when things get tough. Unfortunately for some children, parents realize too late theres a problem and the child ends up a runaway on the streets. Many children run away because their parents or legal guardian abuse and belittle or neglected them. (Anonymous, 2011). The precise number of runaway children in Lahore, or across the country is unknown. Estimates by organizations working with street children suggest there are at least 5,000 in the city at any one time, with the largest number based on Data Durbar or on the railway station. The charitable Eidhi foundation , which houses runaway children and attempts to unite them with parents estimates there are at least 10,000 such children in Karachi alone. By the end of 2003 there had be en 30% increase across the country in children leaving homes. They leave mostly due to domestic violence or acute social economic hardships (focus on runaway children, report, 2004 September, 8). The survey carried out on runaway children in which people where asked that would they leave there home if they have lack of resources and love, approximately 80% children disagreed on this, while 25% agree on this. According to the survey boys run away from home more than girls as boys are more aggressive and its difficult for them to control their anger . most of the children run in the age group between 10 to 16 and the main reason for running is parent dispute (appendix A and C).The first thing which comes in our mind is, who are runaway children and how can a child run from his home. What are the causes and reason due to which a child leaves his home? Home! the place which is known as heaven on earth. How this heaven becomes hell for that child? Are children forced to leave the home or they leave it by themselves. Children are innocent figure how they can be ready to face the difficulties of the evil world outside their home or the home they are leaving in is actually filled with evil people? Where these children go after running from their homes and what sort of difficulties they face. How does NGOs help them and rescue these sorts of children. In which sort of criminal activates these children usually get involved and what sort of impact these children have on society as these children are the future of our nation. To get answer of all these questions our group carried out a research on this topic as its the most important problem which are society is facing. The domain of my topic is causes and reasons due to which children leave their home. Nowadays( Renee, 2000) the reason for leaving home are far more tragic, things such as seriously eroded family condition where children feel neglected or unloved or they are abused. Children feel that if they dont run away they may end up dead. According to Dr Krishna Prasad, (2000) said all children are basically insecure, as they are emotionally immature. This immaturity is a part of the growing process. Each day they become more and more secure if the family is a close knit one with enough freedom for communication and emotional expression. Thus children runaway due to different reasons such as constant quarrels of parents ,causing insecurity and hatred in childs heart , if they feel unloved , fear of physical danger like father beating the child for wrong doing, fear that there would be withdrawal of emotional support for wrong doings.( 2000,runaway syndrome, psychology4all.com ) . Runaway children belong to different classes and have different reasons for running. Most of them belong to lower class. Children run from villages and come to cities as they think they can earn more money and live a better life. But after leaving their homes they get into wrong hands and get involved in criminal activ ities. Poverty is one of the main cause due to which 60% of the children leave their homes as there is no concept of family planning in our country(Pakistan) thats why the budget is more than the income ,so it is not possible for a poor person to fulfill his familys needs. As the person can not fulfill his childrens wants and needs so he forces them to earn many in any case. For this reason the children try to earn money from illegal ways such as they get involved into criminal activities, they start begging, stealing etc. many children dont want to work and so they end up leaving their homes because for them it is the last option. . In a recent interview conducted from a runaway child (Personal communication, March 26, 2011), named Ahmed Raza he told that he left his home due to the bad conditions of his home. He had 3 brothers and 4 sisters, so it was difficult for his father to support such a huge family thats why his father used to beat him and told him to do work and earn money but he didnt wanted to do that, so he left his home. Sometimes a child doesnt want to leave home but he is forced by his family members to do so as they don have enough money to fulfill their basic needs so they leave them to different NGOs. Or sell them to people so they can use the children for illegal things. I witnessed this thing myself when I visited child protection bureau (CPB). A man came along with her daughter to leave her to the government department, that girl was crying and saying that she didnt wanted to stay there his father said that he would come to meet her. The man took some money from the employee of bureau and left her there. When investigated from the people of bureau they said that the girl had ran from the place she used to work and that the man rescued her and came to drop her to the NGO so they can find her parents and send her back. . The organization was double-dealing or not I dont have any idea but I observed it. Many children run due to their father or mothe r mite be ill or having a swear disease which may also be caused due to poverty. Poverty is one thing which can ruin a blissful family just with in no time. In a recent interview conducted from an employee (Mohamed Amin Malik), working in a government department (CBI), told that a child, whom their team rescued, on asking the reason of leaving home he told that her father had cancer and he had three sisters and its very difficult for him to support them so he ran from home to get some work, so that he can help out this family. According the child protection officer (CPO) of CPB, the main reason due to which children runaway from home is due to neglect ion which is caused due to broken family or if the child is orphan and lives with his relatives . A child needs both mother and fathers love and care but if one isnt present they mite not feel secure and would feel unloved and if both are not present then their life becomes miserable. There differen5t cases in broken families, sometime father had done second marriage and doesnt allow the child t o meet his mother and the stepmother can be bad with the child so the child have only one way out that he should leave that hell. In recent interview (Personal communication, March 26, 2011) conducted from a runaway child who was not normal child. He told that he ran from his home because his father used to hit him and didnt allowed him to meet his mother, so he ran from home because he wanted to live with his mother but as he was not normal he was unable to find his mother. the second reason due to which children run from their home is when their parents are no longer in the world to take care of them and they live with there grandparents , aunts or other relatives . What may come relatives can not draw a comparison with parents. If a child lives with his aunt she can never gives her/him proper time , care and love as she gives to her own children due to this the child feel neglected.. Some relatives also take work from the children and also abuse them if they dont do work they abuse them due to these reasons the child end up leaving that place .A.Akbar (Personal communication, March 26, 2011) told that he had three brothers and one sister . His parents were dead and he used to leave with his aunt. His aunt didnt wanted him to live with her; she used to beat him so he left that place .When he was rescued by the CPB ,they informed his aunt that Akbar is with us but she refused to take him back . There are many different reasons due to which children leave their home .Sometimes its not big reason due to which children leave their homes but unfortunately it becomes. children are innocent and if parents only yell at them they get hurt and just leave their home and go to their relatives or friends place its the duty of relatives or friends to report their parents if their child comes to their place other then giving him more liability. Sometimes children run if their parent doesnt give them proper time as they give to their other siblings. In this way the child feel neglected and start hating his parents and run from his home although he isnt aware of the after affects of this. Children may run due to fight between siblings and parent doesnt stop them from doing this. They may take their fight as a normal thing but it can make a huge disaster. Many children run because they dont want to study and their parents beat them if they dont get good results. If a child fails he/she gets scared that his/her parents would beat him/her, so only one option is left for him/her to run away from his home. A person is recognized by the companionship he possesses. One of the reason due to which children run away from home is peer influence. If they belong to a bad company the chances of running increases. Nowadays children listen more to their friends then to their parents. Kasim (Personal communication, March 26, 2011) told that he came to data durbar with his friends to eat rice and the CPB team rescued him from there. He just came to enjoy with his friends from his home town (Jarawaral). When investigated from the bureau people they told that the boy had ran twice from his home and the main reason due to which he ran is that he doesnt want to do work so he ran from home with his friends There are many different cases due to which children run from their homes from which some of the reasons and causes have been explained after research. This problem is still not solved and increasing day by day. Measures should be taken to solve this problem other wise it would become havoc for our society. Though runaway has become a serious problem , we as adults are able to control it by understanding the hearts of children and giving them loving care .it is possible to change the way of thinking, behavior and emotional status of children while they are growing .(runaway children-an overview ,2008) Problems faced after running away The literal meaning of runaway children are the kids who voluntarily are found missing from their homes at least a few days without taking permission from their parents or caretaker usually due to intolerant domestic conditions or violence The topic of research paper is Run Away Children, and the domain on which the research is being conducted is problems faced by these run away children after running away from their homes. According to the Child Protection Officer, Muhammad Ameen Malik (Child Protection Center, Shalamar), there have been thirty two thousand two hundred and eighty four children rescued from 2005 till now. However according to the UNICEF report there are forty thousand still on streets who are either forced or have deliberately left their homes. The runaway ratio is increasing year by year and is around forty to fifty percent. Run away cases are mostly from the cities of Punjab and Sindh. These children are mostly from the lower middle class families who have low family income and are suffering from continuous family problems. The main reasons that force these children to run away can be listed as parental dispute, peer pressure, poverty, siblings rivalry and work pressure. In certain cases parental dispute exceeds to such an extent that the small minds of children get confused. They become victims of fear of the breakage in the parents relationship. The frequent clashes, disagreements and constant turmoil spoil the inner happiness of young hearts, because they demand peace, love and attention which do not exist. Their dream of a happy home shatters and they shun all negative and leave. Work and peer pressure are also a major reason of running away. Often boy at the age of seven or eight years are forced by their parents to work and earn money for their livelihood. Some of them are sent to workshops and others to road side inns, where the heartless cruel owners, the so called â€Å"ustad jee†, treat these innocent souls ruthlessly. Often being punished by these â€Å"masters†, and consistently rebuked. These small bread winners of the house get over matured before time, discuss things with their co-workers about the luxuries and freedom of others boys of their age enjoy. Often they see kids of their own age traveling in large cars and being pampered by their parents. As a result they revolt. They are left with no other alternative and in search of a better life they run away without realizing the true nature of the city life where wolfs are ready to maltreat them. One reason is an unhealthy criticism regarding education and other attributes. This can be classified as siblings rivalry. At times parents start comparing their own children with one another. Often the younger brother feels that he has no importance in the family because he faces discouragement at every spot. In order to prove his strength he decides to go to his own way to at least avoid a situation where he imagines himself as unwanted and disrespected, which gives rise to hatred and the ignorant figure. Poverty is the most imminent reason behind this misfortune. In poverty stricken homes the inhabitants loses human compassion and becomes distrustful for other members of the family unit. Complaint of lack of food, clothes, education and shelter snatches away love and cares of a demanding and eager child. Moreover the constant insult and thrashing contribute in creating a breach and results breaking up the links. Due to the reasons mentioned above children leave their homes. The question now arises that how do these children leave their cities? What mean of transport do they use to do this? And where do these children finally land up? According to the interviews conducted and the information collected from the management of the Child Protection Center these run away children acquired different modes of transport. Mostly they sit in trains from their local railway stations having no knowledge of their next destination. They are often drifted along on different directions, friendless and penniless. In an alien environment these fear stricken ignorant beings, in search of shelter, roam about from one place to another in quest of being recognized and acknowledged by the big citys complex activities. And from here their difficult entourage of life takes a new turn. After leaving homes there is danger awaiting at every step. The basic problem faced by these children is shelter, and then comes the problem of hunger. Both of these create havoc in life of these runaways. In our Islamic God fearing society the problem of hunger can be met by visiting certain center of free food but shelter is next to impossible. This shows these children the truth that they stand nowhere, no identification, no background and devoid of love and affection, they now have to make their own way into life yet threatened by dangers at every step. During day time they stay on roads but long nights are difficult to spend. They sleep on footpaths and outside the garden walls and later make friendship with other vagabonds, and tramps. The pangs of hunger force them to do all sorts of labor sometimes wiping the screen of cars and collecting pennies in return for buying food. Moral and social destructions are the consequences they face, finally one by one entangled by all bad ha bits. Another problem faced by the runaway children is they join the gang of villains who wickedly train these children as street beggars. At every crossing on traffic signals small children comes up asking for money which is not for their own use but to satisfy the whims of the criminal minded gangsters, thus entering into the hideous world of sinful people. Victimized by the wicked people all sorts of abuse they are exposed to and thus pay the price of leaving the security of their homes. Destruction then has no limits, sometimes these children are arrested by police and are sent to prison but police again cannot put a check on their activities. Thus they grow up as criminals and plague the society. Many of these children also get involved in drugs. Most of the beggars turns into hideous sinful criminal and are also found addicted to drugs. They are involved in selling drugs to students and youngsters. This deadly poison destroys the health and becomes the cause of many fatal cons equences. They not only spoil their own life but involve the future of our nation, the youth, by exposing them to drug addiction. The runaway children in the Child Protection Center helped in doing the research properly. The children interviewed were five in number of different ages, different backgrounds and different reason for running away. One of the children was 10 years old; he said that his step mother beats him so he ran away from home. When asked the question of what

The Negro Artist And The Racial Mountain English Literature Essay

The Negro Artist And The Racial Mountain English Literature Essay Langston Hughes essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain In 1926, Langston Hughes wrote an essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. In his essay, Hughes presents a situation where the African Americans felt inferior in their state black people and their culture and strove to embrace the culture of the whites. He did this by use of the African American poet who saw it good to be a white poet. During this time, the White people despised and looked down on the black people. Therefore, the blacks understood that it was better to be a white man or a white writer. The Negro poet suggested that he liked to be a white writer, meaning that he desired to be a white man (Hughes, Para. 1). According to Hughes, this was the mountain standing in the way of any true Negro art in America-this urge within the race towards whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization, and to be a little Negro and as much American as possible. (Hughes, Para. 1). Hughes also examines the state of the African American families of that time. The blacks made their children believe that the whites were superior. They forced their children to emulate the whites and try to be like them in all aspects. Any child who tried to behave like a black man received a severe punishment for that. The blacks were determined through all means to keep away their culture from their own children (Amada, para.2). The parents made their children see white as a symbol of virtue and success. This upbringing affected the lives of the children up to their adulthood because their parents made them to believe that in order to be part of the bigger society and be successful they had to behave as whites. The essay also talks about the difference between the upper class and middle class African Americans. Hughes states that the way the two groups acted made them different, rather than their financial differences. They believed that they would climb higher in society according to the level they acted as white people in society. Hughes wrote in criticism of the Negro poet who, in his writing desired to be a white man (Kelley, 126). He showed how the middle class and upper class African Americans tried to imitate the lifestyle and culture of the white men. The black Americans did this by shunning their Negro theatres, avoiding the Negro spiritual music, reading magazines of the whites and marrying light colored women in order for them to look like the whites. These classes of the blacks also tried to limit the Negro poets and writers on what they were supposed to write. These high class African Americans had started alienating themselves from the other black community. This class struggles to have respect in society even at the expense of losing their racial identity. These people were ashamed of their color as black people and did not want to see their own beauty. This is why they emulated the white people in physical appearance, in dressing in action and in the way they conducted their worship services. Hughes also speaks about those African American artists who were true to their culture. They held faithfully to their culture, a thing that made the rest of the people to alienate them. This community of those who held to their culture survived well and their work is one of the most celebrated today. The aim of Hughes essay was to elevate the beauty of the African Americans language and lifestyles to the national literary stage. He encouraged the Negro Artists to accept their own race and not to turn away from it. Hughes also suggested that any writer who wanted his artwork to look like or have some aspect of whiteness was not being true to himself or herself (Floyd-Miller, Para 4). The African Americans had set for themselves standards and strove to meet these standards in order to look like or live like the white Americans. Hughes goal, therefore, was to encourage the black artists to create obstacles to these standards by use of their relevant, significant and original work in order to change the belief the blacks had that whites were superior. This artwork was to serve the purpose of changing the blacks desire of wanting to be white to that of accepting that they were Negros and Beautiful. Hughes writes that to his mind, it is the duty of the younger Negro artist, if he accep ts any duties at all from outsiders, to change through the force of his art that old whispering I want to be white, hidden in the aspirations of his people, to why should I want to be white? I am a Negroand beautiful! (Hughes, Para. 12) Up to the 1960s, the American white community still despised the American black community. They never appreciated the work of most African Americans like poets and writers. However, this changed as the whites started taking interest in the black peoples artwork. The whites visited the black peoples community to enjoy their performances. Currently, this issue of discrimination of literary work has ceased and many of the black Americans literary work is celebrated today. Hughes indicates that he has confidence in lower classes of the African Americans. He saw them as being free from the problems of self-esteem and that they were confident and satisfied in their nature as blacks. He saw this class of blacks as a source of inspiration using their artistic talents. Their struggle was not to appear respectable to the white readers thus resisted the pressure and wrote on the themes they felt were relevant in expressing themselves against what the whites wanted. This portrays the powerful artistic tool or weapon the lower class black Africans have. According to Amada (Para. 3), although much has changed in the way the white Americans view the African Americans, the black community is still not fully accepted. There is still some racial discrimination in some towns of the United States of America. However, the black Americans have made substantial improvements socially, politically and economically. In conclusion, Hughes essay can help us to know the way the African Americans related with themselves and with the whites in their society. It shows us how the white Americans looked down on the black Americans. We learn how the middle class and upper class African Americans yearned to de like the whites and their struggle to achieve this. It also shows how the lower class black people faced discrimination from the whites as well as the well off African Americans. The essay further shows how the black poets and writers managed to overcome the whites pressure to write on the themes that they wanted while ignoring others. This brought about positive changes in the United States of America. The determination of the Negros helped the blacks to receive some level of acceptance in the American community. The whites finally accepted the literary work of the blacks including their poems, songs and books. With the turn of things, there is hope that things will be getting better until we get a united community at the end. Cited Work Floyd-Miller, Cherryl, African-American authors: Langston Hughes, putting the spotlight on the black experience, n.d, Web. October 31, 2010 http://www.helium.com/items/875493-african-american-authors-langston-hughes-putting-the-spotlight-on-the-black Hughes, Langston, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. The Nation, 23 June 1926, March 15 2000. Web. October 31,2010. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/360.html Kelly, B. James and Bloom, Harold, Blooms How to Write about Langston Hughes. Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print. Ligi, Amada, An Examination of the Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain: A Story by Langston Hughes. February 21, 2009. Web. October 31, 2010. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1452600/an_examination_ofthe_negro_artist_and.html?cat=37