Resource File and Personal Theory Paper Essay Example for Free

Resource File and Personal Theory Paper EssayBehavior Person-Centered Theory is a theory that focuses on the individual mortal and the behaviors (appropriate and inappropriate) so that not only will the person be independent of self esteem issues but, he or she will check into behaviors that promote positive attitudes. Instead of just looking at the behaviors this theory, looks at the person as a whole (the behaviors positive and negative, his or her feelings about themselves and the slew around him or her, and the triggers that make him or her behave in negative ways. I believe in this theory because it does not just focus on one aspect of the person such as the negative behaviors and triggers, it looks also looks at the positive behaviors and triggers. By doing this you are able to learn what makes a person react the way he or she does and if the actions are deliberate or if the actions are true reactions to the concomitants or stimuli. Some people have a disposition to s how you what they think you want to see or hear (manipulation) but if you learn what actions trigger what reactions (good and bad) you can teach the individual how to avoid those situations or stimuli.The theorist and theory that I relate to the best is Yalom and the interpersonal group therapy. I relate to this theory because it focuses on problems in current relationships and situations while examining the ways in which those particular problems are reflected within the members of the group. It is always important for patients to know that he or she is not the only person going through the kinds of situations the patient whitethorn be facing. When a patient learns that he or she is not alone in the world (concerning the types of problems world faced) it allows the patient to better relate and discuss what it is he or she is going through and as a group solutions can be developed.What surprised me the most about the theories learned in class was that a singletheory can accomplis h more than one problem or person. I always believed that everyone was subjected to the same theory no matter what the situation was. I was also surprised to learn that not all people are placed in in-patient facilities if the doctor feels that something else should be done. This was very apparent in the case where the lady whose husband was cheating on her, tried to kill herself numerous times and the doctor decided to treat her as an outpatient instead of committing her. Since being in this class, I have learned that not all theories apply to all people and situations. One theory can be used to treat a multitude of people and situations. Not all people are committed for actions some may deem psychotic it is up to the attending medico whether or not the person is committed to a facility.

Promote person centred approaches Essay Example for Free

Promote person centred approaches EssayPerson centred set must influence all aspects of health and social c ar. The one-on-one is at the centre of the care and are involved in every aspect of it. This ensures that their support, activities, care plans and support plans are tailored to the private and meet their require in a way that is appropriate to them. on that point are person-centred values which must be used to underpin the above. These are respect, partnership, individuality, rights, choice, privacy, license and dignity. In fol let looseing the values, people are then empowered to live their lives and achieve their potential. A care plan details a persons needs and wishes, what is universe done to meet them and who is involved in doing so. If a care plan is person-centred it reflects their individuality and will contain their own views and wishes, inform you about what they moot is valu equal to(p) and how they feel about their circumstances and tell you how they want to live their life. By noticeing this, it means you can support them to live how they want and achieve their dreams, recognising their choices and ideas. present more Define person centred values essayThere are factors which influence the capacity of an individual to give take over. Having the capacity means having the physical or mental ability to do something, and consent means having the ability to give informed permission for something to happen. It similarly implies the individual understands what their decision means. The ability to give consent comes from being able to understand complex and abstract ideas or concepts without the need for evidence. You have to be able to weigh up the pros and cons and make a decision. thence you need to be able to understand the risks and benefits of a situation, be able to freely express your thoughts, ask questions and have the time to process the situation. Personal values and beliefs, the level of education and a persons communi cation skills impact on their ability to make a decision. As does, having their thoughts and opiuons respected, treated with dignity and knowing they wint be judged for the decisions they do make.If consent can not be readily established you need to adapt your approach tothe individual. For example if a person needs time to process information and go over it time and time again, then you do that till they are ready. Some people are ineffective to consent due to their learning disability or medical condition. In this case, the individual will have a representative will act in their best interests. Any decisions already given consent too would be found in their care plan. Family members are a great point of contact. nimble participation is about working in a way which respects the individuals right to participate in life as severally as possible. They are seen as active participant or partner. To apply active participation to an individuals needs you would make sure you are aware of their likes, dislikes, wishes and also their abilities. You would then use this knowledge to come up with a plan that best suits the individual. This ensures a happy outcome for everyone. It is person-centred and put the individual in reign over and living an independent life where possible.Sometimes an individual needs support to challenge or question a decision about them which is made by others. You can do this by supporting the individual to decide what they want to do and how they will do it, ensuring they understand the decision that has been made and help them think through why they want to challenge the decision. You can identify who else you might be able to get involved to help out and consider if an exhort would be necessary. Arranging a meeting to address their concerns can also be done.Identity, self-image and self-esteem are all linked. Self-image is all about how we see ourselves, and our opinions of our won worth. Self-esteem is all about being confident in who we are and out sense of value. Identity is knowing who you are, what makes you unique, your personality and characteristics. If you dont know who you are as an individual then you are more likely to struggle with a low sense of value which creates a negative self-image and low self-esteem. This can manifest in individuals behaviour, ability to make simple decisions, express themselves and make choices.Wellbeing is a feeling that you are feeling well and doing well. There aremany factors that influence this. The practical aspects of life factors are income, employment, quality of living environment, physical and mental health and access to services and amenities. There are also factors in relation to personal and social relationships which are support networks, loving and intimate relationships and relationships with the wider community. Values and attitudes also contribute to wellbeing.These are an individuals sense of purpose and value, their hopes, dreams and fears, their satisfactio n with life, what they think and feel about themselves and any moral or spiritual codes of behaviour. How people are treated by monastic order and their life experiences play a part in how they see themselves and therefore affect their sense of wellbeing.Risk taking and risk assessments relate to rights and responsibilities. The exercise of individual rights goes side by side with the individual taking responsibility for the outcomes of their decision. Therefore, you need to be sure that the individuals have the capacity to make an informed decision and in full understand any potential consequences. Risk assessments need to be regularly reviewed as peoples needs and abilities change, especially if their health deteriorates as they may be judge to do more than they can manage. Also, if an activity was agreed to develop skills and confidence, by not reviewing the risk assessment, your are undermining everything they have achieved and they wont be able to continue to progress.

Managing Activities to Achieve Results Essay Example for Free

Managing Activities to Achieve Results EssayStructure of an organisation is the way the mountain and different surgical incisions are eagerness pop. XXX Schools structure is shown in Appendix 1. Its is widely split into Siamese and foreign areas with different departments that interact daily to match its goes and functions. There is evidence to suggest it uses the matrix model. For example XXXX the Head of English Kindergarten department is also responsible for undertaking the project of improving the naturalizes website. Mullins (2005a) notes culture as the collection of traditions, values, policies, beliefs, and attitudes that constitute a pervasive context for all(prenominal)thing we do and think in an organisation. Due to the being both foreign native speakers and Thai teachers present in the school, a divide in beliefs, values, policies, traditions and processes is present. The two sides maybe well undertake tasks in a different way, however there is angiotensin con verting enzyme belief that is clearly paramount throughout the school. The most important belief is the service and relationship provided to the customer (customer being the assimilator and their parents) is every geniuss number one priority. Whether you are a native English or Thai teacher the attitude fed down from the top is the strong value and belief that the students education is most important. Processes are the series of links that definethe function. Within every organisation functions have to be performed. design 1. Examples of functions carried out at Varee SchoolFig 2. The processes involved in planning a lesson.Planning a lesson involves relatively few departments and people. Its chief(prenominal)ly an individual task that is soft to complete and can be repeated easily, something that is important to keep the business efficient. Certain processes that involve more people and more departments are not so efficient. Most obvious problem being the Thai/foreigner cultur al difference. There are problems with language barriers, different attitudes and beliefs. For example, Thai people dont like to loose face or cause somebody to loose face. This can cause problems as often they would rather mislead people than be honest and accept they cant do something. Business process transformation and TQM would be able to improve the interrelationships between the different process and functions and this is talked about later in the report.Taken from the latest school magazine, published December 09 it states the mission pedagogy as In order to maintain lofty standards of educational development, the school follows and emphasises three main goals which are to maintain a progressive course of study, a proficient management and a highly productive doctrine staff. XXX School strongly believes that if these goals are carried out, our students will gain various skills which are crucial in life such as intellect, communication skills in foreign languages, technol ogy and moral development. Our students will mature into good citizens physically and mentally. Over all they will develop social skills enabling to and learn harmoniously insociety. Within this mission statement three main goals are given, lead to its overall objective * to maintain a progressive curriculum* a proficient management* a highly productive teaching staff.The overall objective being* to maintain high standards of educational developmentThe mission statement along with the aims and objectives have meant that a structure designed for the most effective teaching possible has been developed as well as providing the customer (the student and their parents) with the a path of education they wish to take. They can study their subjects in 80% Thai or can study on the English programme where they will be studying mostly in English. Along it could be suggested the mission statement is a little long, there can be no doubting that it has created a sense of direction and the main belief that is comes down through the management in the school to all the staff. Evidence of this is seen in not only my personal objectives but many other teachers also.XXXX, Head of Mattayom for foreign staff states in the school magazine Our goals are simple to give every student the best education available to foster creative thinking and a global outlook and to instil a love of learning in every student. (Teachers at Varee love teaching and genuinely care about their students. In addition XXXXX, Mattayom Teacher in the native English teaching department says My goal is to give the children the confidence and tools required to expand their English abilities so that they can interact in an increasingly global English Community. The school is of course a business and there for wants to make a profit. By carrying out these aims and objectives the school is providing the customer with great service, meaning the school will cut across to grow thanks to an enhanced reputation. If th e school continues to grow, with good business management to, the school will continue to make a profit.How does the school carry out its functions to meet its objectives? A curriculum for example is crucial to providing quality teaching and obviously quality teaching is the schools main objective. According to my seniors, Fig 3. , shows thecommunication process they will follow in updating a curriculum. One of three people can decide that change in curriculum is required The Head Mistress, Director of foreign staff, Head of Department. Reasons for a change can be due to results, government changes, private tests changes, or parents requests. In this example we will assume that the Head Mistress has requested the change. Fig 3. Communication process XXXXX School will follow when updating a curriculum expert with the curriculum? NoHappy with the curriculum? YESFinished curriculumHappy with the curriculum? NoHappy with the curriculum? NOHappy with the curriculum? YESYESHappy with the curriculum? YESFinalised and continuously monitoredHead of Department (Will make the improvements)Curriculum is provisionally taughtDirector of foreign teachersHead MistressThe methodology utilize in this process is carried out by four levels of the organisation. Its very much based around completing the task and then checking, discussing and improving if possible. formerly the Head Mistress is happy it is provisionally taught and again look into. Again, if any improvements can be made they are, if not its taught and continuously monitored. With every process there is an output. The schools main and ultimate output to the customer is the education of the student. The Head of departments work has to be referred back to higher authority to be checked and this means the quality is checked before being moved onto the nextstage. By continuously carrying out processes, such as improving the curriculum, the standard of education, the final output, will be strong. As with any businesses, weaknesses and improvements can always be found and thats why its important for the curriculum and other such areas to be continuously developed and improved using all areas of the organisational structure.BibliographyMullins, L.J, 2005a. Management and Organisational Behaviour. 7th ed. Harlow Pearson Education restrain. Varee school MagazineMullins, L.J, 2005b. Management and Organisational Behaviour. 7th ed. Harlow Pearson Education Limited. Hall,D, Jones, R, Raffo,C, Anderton, A, 2008a. Business Studies. 4th ed. Harlow Pearson Education Limited

Cultural Events in Penang as a Tourist Destination

ethnical Events in Penang as a Tourist Desti terra firmaPulau Pinang or Penang is star of the unique and attractive places in Malaysia with its more a(prenominal) burnishs which charter Penang unmatched of tourists favorite places and tourists attractions. Basically, Penang is famous for their diet, religions, grows and touristry site. jibe to the UNESCO Worlds Heritage Site of Georgetown says that there ar many religions, cultures and foods in Penang, therefore they dissolve blend it well together to make Penang one of the well cognize states in Malaysia 1.There is press statement by YB Danny Law Heng Kiang the Penang State Exco for touristry teaching and Culture said that Penang is ranked in the third place under Kuala Lumpur, and Genting Highland (Pahang) for their touristry destination in Malaysia 1. At origin, Malacca is on top of Penang as tourism destination because they receive nearly 8.9 cardinal tourist arrival in the year 2009. Unfortunately, that statem ent by Datuk Seri Dr. Ng Yen Yen may be a mistake because as we can see from the table 2, Penang has much tourists arrival compare to Malacca 1.According Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Penang is an island with an area of 108 sq mi/280 sq km and it is known as one of the busiest ports in the past and it is located in the straits of Malacca, on the North-West Coast of Malaysia. Penang is precise famous for their beautiful beaches and islands, foods, heathenish, religions and many more 2.During 16th century, Portuguese merchants Penang was travel from Goa (India) to Far East depend for spices, fresh water so they stopped in Penang. In 1786, Penang was very normal among the pirates because they steal ships that cross along Straits of Malacca. At one point, Penang became popular in 18th century and at the same time, Captain Francis Light enter to Penang and start to have good relationship with the topical anaesthetics and too the Sultan of Kedah in 1771. Unfortunately, at that m oment itself Sultan of Kedah handed Penang to Captain Francis Light in order to get protection against the threats of Burmese and Siamese. After that, they called Penang as Prince of Wales Island and later on the solving Sultan Abdullah found out that he is being cheated by the British by not willing to offer protection thus he self-collected his army to retake Penang. Lastly, after extensive long time of struggling among the locals and the British, Malaysia achieves independence in 31st August 1957 and Penang is one of the 13 states. Penang now is known as Pulau Pinang 3.What is the Culture in Penang?The cultures in Penang are very unique and just about(predicate) of the tourists interested to know more about Penangs culture. In 2008, the population is Penang approximately 2 one cardinal one thousand thousand on the island and 1 one thousand million is in Seberai Prai which consists of 42% Chinese, 41% Malay, 10% for Indian and also 5% for the Peranakan or Baba Nyonya. Bab a Nyonyas culture in Penang is different from Malacca. Baba Nyonyas in Malacca can speak fluent Malay whereby in Penang, the Baba Nyonyas speaks mixture of Hokkien, Malay and English and most of the Baba Nyonyas in Penang still apply their Chinese religion and ancestral worshipping 4.Basically, language that being spoken in Penang is Malay language whereby English and the Chinese (Hokkien) also being spoken wide in Penang. And lastly the Tamil language is being spoken by the tamils among their community. Next is the religion in Penang which most of the masses believes such as Buddhist, Islam, Hindu, Christian, and many more. Basically, Buddhism is one of the main religions in Penang whereby Islam still the official religion of the state. As you can see that Penangs culture is a mixture of Malay, Chinese Indian and it is very interesting for tourists attractions 4.Furthermore, Penang is famous for their food and this is one of the Penangs cultures. The food in Penang can easily get almost everywhere and anytime in Penang. According the time clipping in 2004, Penang has been the best street food in Asia. Penang is the only place to find such a wonderful, tasty and nice food and also it is so cheap compared to Kuala Lumpur and sometimes heap called Penang is the food heaven to eat. The food in Penang is an assortment of Chinese, Nyonya, Malay, India, Thai cuisine. There in Penang also famous for the hawkers food which they manage and served by the road side 4.Besides that, one of the reason why Penang famous is because they have various of egresss and festivals that they celebrates such as Penang International Dragon gravy boat Festival, Chin-gay, Pesta Pulau Pinang, Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Thaipusam, Chinese impertinently Year, Hungry Ghost Festival and many more. These festivals would attract many tourists from all everyplace the world to rise up and mother throughout the festivals. Moreover, it would be nice if tourists from Malaysia or outside Malay sia to give reinforcement and celebrates together in these interesting events. The international dragon boat festival usually held around June and July during the domesticate holidays. Chingay is one of the famous ethnic events in penang because it is being renowned because of the birthday of Kuan Yin or the Goodness of Mercy. Normally, this event is being celebrated every year and attracts tourists as far from join States, Japan, South Africa and also Netherlands. Chingay festival is a parade which teams of people will show their skills at balancing 40 foot bamboo flagpoles on their body such as heads, shoulder, hands, and knees. And lastly, Pesta Pulau Pinang is one of the cultural events that being celebrated by all races in Penang. Pesta Pulau Pinang is a carnival that being celebrated in December and it always be screwly, happening and colorful carnival every year. There would have a lots of activity includes open air concerts, medley shows, food bazaars, fun fairs, pet shows, exhibitions, games and many more 5.What is an event?Basically events is about to have a particular function or to inform our lymph gland that when some exciting things is breathing out to happen and going to celebrate. For example, book launches weddings, concerts, carnivals and many more. It is more like a preparations for that particular functions to make it runs smoothly and beautifully. It starts from the PA systems, music, high-up rooms, foods, red carpet, guests and many more 6.Cultural events that being celebrated by in PenangPenang is famous for their cultures, ethnicities, foods and festivals. Penangs has so many events and festivals that being celebrated throughout the year. Hence, the intact tourist from every split of the world celebrates together with colorful happenings events in Penang. There are few festivals that being celebrated by all races in Penang such As Chinese New Year, International Dragon Boat Festival, Penang Beach Carnival, Penang Cultural Fe stival, Malaysia Festival and Pesta Pulau Festivals. The purpose all these festivals are held because is to gather everyone and celebrates the symphonic and unique multi culture in Penang. Many activities are held on the festivals example fashion parades, inter-hotel competition, performance, sell handicrafts, and many more 7.1.2 The Problem StatementThe purpose of me choosing this event is because as we can see Penang is developing to one of the leading tourism states. Cultural and events tourism is a product which is difficult to be tested first before use, so by having the cultural events in Penang can also gives Penang recognition as a world heritage site and will be portraying the cultural vicissitude of Penang. On top of that, by having cultural events and festivals in Penang can analyze the derive of tourists inbounds to Penang. Besides that, tourists can come over and try to experience and spread the news to everyone out there about the cultural events that being celebra ted by all races in Penang. There are few popular cultural events that being celebrated such as Thaipusam, Chap Goh Meh, St. Annes festival, hungry ghost festival and many more. Basically, Penang is famous for their cultural diversity where they spare their own traditions and performing arts. On top of that, Penang has own tradition of street culture, celebrations, festivals, and ethnic groups and it will be the most unforgettable moments for the tourists who come and experience the festivals. Lastly, the Visit Calendar 2010 has their plans to make Penang as the active tourism sector.Research Objectives/ AimsThe objective of this proposal isTo analyze the lean of tourists inbounds to Penang during the cultural events celebration.To unite all people together to celebrate cultural events in Penang to support the slogan Satu Malaysia.To investigate the number of tourists that visit Penang according their nationalities.To unsex the most favorable cultural events to the to the lowest degree popular and why?To study the revenue or nod offs generated by tourists as to the be incurred by the state governance to these events.By accumulating these results, we can determine whether to sustain, preserve or to promote cultural events or festivals for the coming years.Research QuestionsWhat are the number of tourists inbound to Penang in the 2009?Should Ministry of touristry Malaysia encourage more cultural events celebrations in order to give Penang recognition as a world heritage site?Should we preserve, promote and sustain our cultural events in Penang in order to devote more tourists from all over the world?What the pull factors are for tourists to visits Penang every year?Hypothesis StatementHypothesis statement for this topic would be that Penangs culture has a unique attribute that brings people together by having cultural events and festivals throughout the year. To boast those cultural events and festivals requires financial capital, intellectual capital, cultural capital and also social capital to run the events 8. The existence of cultural events makes people understand other peoples culture better so that they can understand one and other as well as supporting our Malaysias motto which is Satu Malaysia. According to Datuk Lim Guan Eng, the Chief pastor of Penang says that they have to give 100% commitment to protect, preserve, sustain and promote the cultural events in Penang so that it can bring the people together and unite the culture and celebrate it collectively. These would reflect the multiracial people and well preserve culture and heritage which is being listed in UNESCO World Cultural and Heritage Site lately 9.In the past 6 years, there were twelve countries affected by Tsunami disaster on 26th September 2004 and one of the countries is Malaysia. There were two states in Malaysia was affected by Tsunami which is Penang and Kedah. Both these areas lost everything during the tsunami disasters. At that time, most of the people or tourists are in fear for travelling to other countries. Most of the fishermans village in Kedah is destroyed by the tsunami. On top of that, Penangs tourism middling decline due to this unwanted disaster. The Government, Corporate, NGOs, and also individuals contribute millions of dollars to dish out the victims accommodation, medical and many more 9. Furthermore, there was a change in politics, economy and corporation due to the tsunami disaster. Penangs economy slightly decline because lacking of tourists from outside and inside the land. Tourists afraid to come and visits Penang thus not much activity or celebrations can we held during that particular period of timer 9.As we know that the mass media plays important roles in promoting any advertisement doesnt matter in the website or in the everyday newspaper. By promoting and advertise something in the website or newspaper, radio, television and so forth may increase the number of tourists who come to Penang. This is one of the strategies to pull tourists to come to Penang after the Tsunamis tragedy. There are some advertisements that may push tourists out of their state or hoidenish to come to Penang by having Cheap Air Flight to Penang inclusive Hotel Rooms. For example, in figure 1.0 and figure 1.1 show that Air Asia offer or promotes cheap flight tickets inclusive a room for the tourists as below as Rm1.00 10. Tourists can choose to fly either Penang, Kuching, Kuala Lumpur, and Johor Bahru. The travelling period for the tourists is at any time in July 1st 2011 to November 10th 2011. This is because we want more tourists to come to Penang for vacation and also at the same time we can promote different cultural events and festivals that are being celebrating every month 10.Furthermore, Penang State Tourism is promoting their state as by the campaign goes Visit Penang 2010-1012. So there are many kinds of activities and events is held for example Esplanade in Action- an Evening of Cultural Performance, Penang Sakura Blossom, Chinese New Year cruise-Lili Marleen and many more. Besides that, the food is one of the attractions besides cultural events in Penang for example, Thai Food Fiesta 2010, Penang Durian and Fruits Festivals, Pesta Pulau Pinang and many more.According to Natalie Lee, one of the students from University New South Wales stated that Facebook is one of the top growing social networking in the world nowadays which has more than 140 million users in the hitly world. It allows us to find and communicate with our friends and divide photos, promoting tourism sites and many more. Penang promotes their tourism sites through Facebook, websites, blogs and many more to pull tourists from every split of the world. They can share photos, promote hotel rooms, flight tickets to Penang, and update latest events in penang and promote it to all their family members, friends and many more. It is one of the best ways to promote Penang to outsiders 11. .Theoretical/ Co nceptual frameworkTheoretical frameworkAs what I have showed the conceptual framework below shows that the research is focus more on the cultural events that being celebrated by all races in Penang. It will be scoped into structural support and cultural infrastructure/ spaces for the cultural events. Next under structural support plot it will be dual-lane into few points such as handling promotions, ticketing, licensing, printing and distribution of flyers. Besides that, for the cultural infrastructure / spaces will be divided into two main points which is cultural hub and also communities.At the top part of the framework shows that some of the events and festivals that is being celebrated by all races in Penang. Cultural festivals that being celebrated in Penang is Pesta Pulau Pinang, Hungry Ghost Festival, Chingay, Bon Odori and many more. The purpose of celebrating these festivals is because to sustain and promote the cultural events in Penang thus promote it to tourists from e very parts of the world.For the second phase of the framework, is the cultural infrastructure and spaces which can be divided into two parts which is cultural hub and communities. According to S.B.Tan, Professor School Of Art, University Sains Malaysia says that the cultural hub, is fundamentally where the performances or festivals is going to carried out, for example museums, eating places, and many more. Whereby, for the communities are basically about where the festivals or events should should be placed in areas where most of the people live,for example city in Georgetown or Balik Pulau. It would be much easier for the people in Penang to travel to those particular places to celebrate the events 12.Moving on, on the third phase is the structural support for example handling promotion, ticketing, licensing, distribution flyers and printing.Conceptual frameworkCultural Events Tourism For PenangEvents and festivalsPesta Pulau PinangBon OdoriChingayHungry Ghost FestivalCultural in frastructure/ spacesCommunitiesIt should be placed in areas where the people livesEg city of Georgetown or Balik Pulau.Cultural Hubwhere the performances/ festivals, events is going to carried outeg museums, restaurants, and many moreScope and LimitationsThe scope for this study is mainly based on the Tourism Industry in Penang that is rapidly growing in this 21st century. The importance of this sector to the Malaysias economy is to pull more tourists to come and visits Penang through the 3 years campaign of the state government by promoting their VisitPenang 2010- 2012 13. According to hotel statistics, in 2008 14, Penang received 6.3 million tourist inbounds excluding the excursionist who arrive on cruise or live with their family and friends. The figure is higher than previous year which is 5.1 million. Penang State Governments has a mission to object lens 10 million tourists in 2014 which is 4 years from now. Penangs most economic income earner comes from tourism sector after manufacturing. According to Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia, the number of local and international tourists arrivals in Penang in 2005 is 48% international tourists whereby for the locals is 52% which comes up 4, 351,909 tourists boilersuit. each year, the number slightly increased doesnt matter it is international tourists nor local people. Regrettably, in 2009 the number of tourists declined sharply which is from 6,307,468 in 2008 but unfortunately in 2009, the number has dropped to 1,347,356 boilers suit totals. Penang this is because Penang focuses more on developing medical tourism and eco-tourism in this few years 13. This study will look at the statistics rate or the number of tourists come and visits Penang to celebrates and experience the cultural events and festivals thus food as well. There were limitation sources to find for this topic. To find for data and informations, researcher using Google Scholar with journals, articles, Pdftop.com, Kdu depository library and onlin e book. Some of the journals and articles need to be purchased or log in as a member in order to read the articles and journals.1.8 meaning of the studySignificance of studying this topic is to analyze the number of tourists inbounds in Penang during the cultural events celebrations whether it gives impacts towards Penangs economy or local environment. Besides that, it is important for us to know what is Penangs mission and target for the tourism sector. Currently, Penang is being ranked at no.4 in foreign and domestic tourists arrivals in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur, Pahang and Sabah. YB Danny Law Heng Kiang, Chairman for the State Tourism Development Culture, Arts, and Heritage says that he truly hopes one day Penang would be No.1 or No.2 in foreign and domestics tourists arrivals in Malaysia. According to statistics, the number of hotel guests is increasing rapidly from 68.8 million in 2008 compared to 61.6 in 2007 especially during the cultural events and festivals that being c elebrated every month. It shows that the graph for tourism sector will increase every year 15.Chapter 22.1 Literature ReviewDefinition of cultural eventsEvents are something that happens at a given place. An event is one of the top growing tourism industries and also most thrilling and yet it is connected to leisure. One of the reason why so many countries keeps on promoting their events so that they can pull more tourists from every parts of the world to come and visits their country. Basically, an event is more to persuade tourists to come or participate during their events and also can makes them stay lifelong in that particular area. According to Getz, events are one of the important roles in tourism persistence because it can attract more tourists thus to fill up their free during their visits to that particular country (1991). Most of the tourists expects for festivals, events or attractions in a tourism destination. Events or festivals also can intensify tourists experience and perhaps can make tourists stay longer thus persuade them to extend their holidays in particular tourism destinations (Getz, 1991). Cultural events basically are for religious, public events such as arts, performances, crafts demonstrations, and many more (Richards, 1996).All the downhearted towns are actively has cultural events for profit, or to boost the tourism industry (Goldblatt, 2002). Most of the tourists are attracted to unique cultural events and somehow they will participate when the event is held. Organizers would make the cultural events livelier to ensure that the tourists meet their satisfaction during the festivals thus to make sure that they gets more profit from the tourists. Why is it so because to increase the tourism industry and to promote our country to worldwide.2.2 Statistics Rate Tourists Come to PenangStatistics plays important role in counting the number of tourists inbounds in Penang 2005 2009. How many tourists have been visiting Penang? To calcul ate and determine the actual statistics requires big costs of money to collect data, to analyze and to present it to the state government. The number of tourists visiting Penang announced by the Tourism Ministry is based on immigration cards filled with their profiles at the by visitors and have to show it at the port of entry. Tourists are freely to move everywhere within the country unless visitors did bad mistakes.According to Penang State Government, Penang has their own statistics rate number of international and local tourists arrivals in Penang in 2005 to march 2009. Within these 5 years, overall total number of tourists either locals or international is about 21, 881,848 people arrived in Penang .In 2005 the local tourists arrival is about 2,267532 people whereby the international tourists approximately about 2,084,377 people. Furthermore, the overall total number of tourists in 2006 is about 4,688,504 people which are in percentages 54% of local tourists and 46% of internat ional visitors. Moving on, the overall total number of tourists arrivals in Penang in 2007 has increasing compared to year before which is 2006 which is 5,186,611 tourists. Among the 5 years between 2005- 2009, the highest amount of tourists arrival is in 2008 which is 6,307,468 visitors in percentages it would be 55% for the locals and 45% for the international tourists inbounds in Penang. Finally, in 2009 the total number of tourists inbounds in Penang was sharply dropped from 6,307,468 tourists in previous year whereby in 2009 the overall total number of tourists is 1,347,356 visitors arrivals in Penang (2010).As stated by the Tourism Minister, Datuk Seri Ng Yen Yen, tourists arrivals in 2009 has dropped from 6,307,468 to 1,347,356 tourists due to the Influenza a (H1N1) scare. On the other hand, international tourists from Europe and United Kingdom remained the same. She stated that the tourists are safe as health authorities helps to prevent the spread of the disease towards the tourists. On top of that, Datuk Ng.Yen Yen had a raillery with the directors of 44 Tourism Malaysia regarding promotional plans to persuade tourists to visits Malaysia because Malaysia is one of the countries safe from Influenza H1N1 (Bernama).As mentioned earlier, Malacca overtakes Penang as tourists destination in 2009. Statistics shows that tourists arrival in Penang dropped from 6.3 million in 2008 to 1.3 million in 2009. Compared Penang to Malacca, Penang has a lot and good accessibility and products for example foods, beaches, cultures, and many more. Datuk Seri Dr. Ng Yen Yen strictly wants the state government to do something in order to increase more tourists in 2010. She suggested that Penang has a potential to become one of the countrys leading tourists destination because Penang has 191 flights from 12 international airlines go in Penang. Besides that, she recommend that state government should put more initiative in hiring well-trained tourists guides which experts i n the field of Penang history and heritage. These tour guides, service counters, and restaurant employees should know very well and are able to share the history and stories behind heritage buildings. In this way, we can give the visitors special services and make them satisfy during their visits to Penang (Y.Y.Ng, Nov, 2010).2.3 The Economic and Social cultural Impacts on Cultural Events in PenangAccording to Gawler Visitor Information Centre, cultural events is one of the most exciting festival celebrations that can pulls many tourists from every parts of the world to make revenues in the economy of tourism industry . On top of that, behind the significant of cultural events, it has its economic and also socio cultural impacts on cultural events in Penang. There are few factors will indicate the economic and socio cultural impacts on cultural events in Penang.Economic impacts on cultural events in PenangAs stated above, there are few factors that show the economic impacts on cultu ral events in Penang and it can be divided into negative and positive. Negative economic impacts on cultural events in Penang are the revenue or loses generated by tourists as to the cost incurred by the state government to these events. According to Priscilla, Penang tourism sector requires approximately RM 50 million for tourism in Penang. Based on 2008 statistics, there were 6.3 million tourists arrivals in Penang and as what the Chief Minister said that RM 500,000 is not enough for the tourism to conduct an activities and events especially which is connected to the infrastructure, promotions, and also improving the facilities (2010). The RM 50 million are required in order to have events, festivals, upgrading the quality of beaches and many more as now Penang is the third highest contribution state in tourism sector. According to Ministry of Tourism Malaysia, in 2009, the tourists arrivals in Penang has dropped to 1.3 million due to the influenza H1N1 thus there were loses gener ated by tourists as to the high amount of cost incurred by the state government to these tourism sector (2010). The money that they use to upgrading the facilities, promotions, events and festivals is not balance with how much money the tourists spend during their visits to Penang thus it would be a lose for Penang. The positive economy impacts on cultural impacts in Penang are can increase the tourism economy and society development in Penang (Jafari, 2000). Positive impacts on cultural events in Penang would be the job opportunities in Penang. In 2008, hotels in Penang received approximately 6.3 million tourists which are locals and also international compared to 2007 about 5.1 million tourists arrivals in Penang. The statistics shows that there was slightly increase of 1.2 million visitors arrivals which would indicate that there are so many job opportunities out there for the people who really need to work (Administrator III, 2009). This is say that they need more labors to work in such places like hotels, restaurants, tour guides, and many more. Moving on, in 2010, Penang Tourism Minister target 10 million tourists arrivals in 2014. Indirectly says that they need more employment to work in this industry (Administrator III, 2010).Socio Cultural Impacts on Cultural Events in PenangIn this part of literature review, one of the socio cultural impacts on cultural events in Penang is diplomatic relations. According to The Star Online, Penang Government and Russian Embassy are thought to organize a Russian cultural event every year in order to remembrance of the Russian battleship (Zhemchug) close by Penang border during the World War. Vorobyeva Lyudmila Georgievna the new Russian ambassador said that their sailors weve been buried in Western Cemetery on Jalan Utama in Penang Island and Pulau Jerejak. Besides that, she also expresses her gratitude to Penang State because the help to clean and uphold those 12 sailors that have been buried in Western Cemetery. F urthermore, she spoke to Datuk Seri Lim Guan Eng and said that it would be much better to organize a Russian cultural event in Penang every year. She suggests that the Russian cultural event would have interesting Russian folk performances, classical, Russian music, and also Russian food as well. Thus, Malaysia can have bond relationships Russian and with the Russian cultural event it would help to encourage more Russian tourists to come to Penang in the future tense (2010).ConclusionIn conclusion, cultural events are one of the pull factors to bring in tourists from every parts of the world regardless the international or the local tourists. To have such cultural events or festivals can increase our economy in tourism sector thus Penang can be one of the states to be recognize internationally with the uniqueness and amazing beaches, nice foods, great heritage and many more. The existence of cultural events can also promote and bond relationships between the locals and visitors by having lots of activities and know how to appreciate different cultures, religion and race.Chapter 3Research design and methodology3.1 OverviewIn Chapter 3, there will be 5 main points to highlight in this sample proposal. In the first part of this topic is the general idea on the research design and methodology. Next, it is the elaboration about the introduction of the research proposal. Basically, it talks about the purpose of doing this topic and explanation about the cultural events that s being celebrated by all races in Penang. Moving on, there will be a research design in this chapter 3 such as investigating the population and the sampling techniques that is going to apply. After that, it will be explanation regarding the procedures of data collection and data analysis which will be divided into 2 sections which is primary data and supplemental data. And lastly, there will be a short explanation about the questionnaires design.ReferencesAdministrator III (2009) boost in Pena ng tourists arrivalshttp//www.visitpenang.gov.my/portal3/penang-tourism-news/539-boost-in-penang-tourist-arrivals.htmlAdministrator III (2010) Speech by The Rt Hon Mr Lim Guan Eng, Chief Minister of Penang- Launch of the Penang Investment Tourism Office (PITO), Singaporehttp//www.visitpenang.gov.my/portal3/penang-tourism-news/1187-speech-by-the-rt-hon-mr-lim-guan-eng-chief-minister-of-penang-launch-of-the-penang-investment-tourism-office-pito-singapore.htmlPRISCILLA DIELENBERG (2010) CM Penang needs RM50mil for tourismhttp//thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?sec=nationfile=/2010/4/18/nation/20100418170830Ministry of tourism Malaysia (2010)NUMBER OF TOURIST ARRIVALS FROM TEN LEADING COUNTRIES TRANSITING THROUGH PENANG AIRPORT 2004 2008http//www.penang.gov.my/index.php?ch=16pg=44lang=engJafari, J. (2000). APEC international tourism symposium the scientification of tourism.65 Korea Tourism Policy, summer, Vol.2, No.3, 56-59. Seoul Korea tourism Research Institute (KTRI).http//www2.uwstout. edu/ contented/lib/thesis/2002/2002kwonh.pdfTourism facts sheet gawler visitor tourism centrehttp//www.gawler.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/5_Gawler_Impacts_Tourism.PDFThe star online (2010) Annual Russian fest proposedhttp//thestar.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2010/11/6/ marriage/7320843sec=north

English Language and Tourist Satisfaction

face phrase and Tourist SatisfactionThe flingistry industry in the give step to the fore two gos developed signifi ejecttly in Malaysia. Malaysia has received 24.6 million cracking cars from all over the world in the year 2010, (Datuk Seri Dr Ng Yen Yen, tourism diplomatic minister of Malaysia) and in a report carry oned by WTO, Kuala Lumpur( the capital city of Malaysia), was among the top 10 Most visited cities by weigh of international visitors in 2010.All countries be looking for ways to attract more(prenominal) tourists. Because of this, tourist delight has been a introductoryity subject of research in recent years. Understanding what drives felicity for a tourist is angiotensin converting enzyme of the or so relevant areas of research (Prebensen, 2006), as satisfied tourists tend to transmit their positive experiences to other(a)s and to repeat their visit (Aln, Rodrguez Fraiz, 2007)Although there are some definitions of joy, Reichel (1978) defines touris t mirth as the settlement of comparison between a tourists experience at the destination visited and the expectation about the destination. According to Feng (2007) ), propitiation is superstar of the most relevant variables when analyzing tourist behaviour, as it influences the choice of destination, the consumption of products and services, and the decision to return.Many factors are askd in making of a country a tourist preferred destination. Both the government and the private sectors must work hand in hand. The race in the front line must be capable of making the visitors feel that they have chosen the right vacation destination. Thus the emphasis on polyglotic process proficiency is understandable. Language not except is a means for establishing a communion but alike is a tool for fostering relationships.There are at least 1400 million people who live in countries that slope has an official status, so it is not surprising that maven out of five portion of the popu lation of the world peach position at the level of competence and the rest are still in demand of learning this language ( David Graddol, 1997)According to Malaysias Government official website, 54366 visitors arrived from Europe from January to family 2011, 14725 visitors from North America and 21445 visitors from Oceania (Australia- New Zea soil). Most of these travellers mother spit is English and there are Asian and Afri lot tourists, who recognize English as the Language of the world.If these tourists nookie communicate in their mother language or any other language which has more usage, they can feel at home in those destination countries. It gives them confidence and makes them feel safe, resulting in increased levels of satisfaction.1.1 Statement of the problemAs it mentioned, an measurable component in the tourism industry is tourists satisfaction. The level of tourists satisfaction plays an eminent role in promoting the image of the country as a top tourism spot.Many researches reveals that the level of tourist satisfaction with a special(prenominal) trip is the result of different factors (Peter Olson, 1996) which are generally assessed as a comparison between the tourists perception of the products and services he receives and the expectations generated before and during his trip (Barsky Labagh, 1992).The Hotel industry comprises a major part of the Tourism industry.The hospitality industry has a main(prenominal) goal which is to provide necessarry or desired products and services to travelers.Tourists do not just come for the facilities and attractions. They want to be treated right and well. Thats why a good command of English language is always envisioned as an plus for personnels working in the tourism industry specially in the hotel industry.The importance of English is undeniable since for so many years English is considered as the most important medium of communication of the world generally.It is the language of power, prestige and success . This language as a global language can open doors end-to-end the world ( Philipsson, 1996)Although Malaysia has two official languages, English and Malay, our focus is on English because most visitors do not speak Bahasa Melayu, the national language.Most Malaysian residents, who speak English, speak it as a second language but many tourism interactions occur in English.Numerous studies have been carried out to measure the degree of tourist satisfaction, but really few papers have focused on analysing the possible relationships that this variable has with application of English language by tourism staff.Consequently, the main aim of this paper is to question if English language proficiency of the staffs working in the hotel industry has any impact on the level of tourists satisfaction with hotels in Malaysia or not.1.2 Research questionTo what extend English language proficiency of the hotel staffs can raise the level of the tourists satisfaction in Malaysia.1.3 Obje ctive of the studyTo attend whether the English language proficiency of the staffs working in the hotel industry can change the level of tourists satisfaction in Malaysia.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 wideness of TourismTourism is a driving force for economic evolution in Malaysia. Tourism creates employment opportunities for Malaysian residents and brings money into the economy. Tourism industry in Malaysia creates high effects in the economy of this country as well as developing unity and national integration (Gom , 1991)If tourism industry outgrowth in Malaysia continues, it could push forward the countrys engine of growth which is manufacturing sector. International tourism can bring high amount of revenue. This earned revenue has a very important role in developing Malaysias economy (Sadi and Batels 1997)Tourism Industry has helped Malaysia in developing its quality of life and its socio-economic status. An evidence of that is the upward trend of tourism and hotel industr y in Malaysia until 1997 (Poon Low 2005) . Today this industry is experiencing a year to year growth in foreign exchange earnings.In the 70 decade government put lots of efforts to develop several objectives such as growing the earning from foreign exchange , increasing the tot up of employments and the level of their income, developing regional areas and increasing revenue made by the government (Khalifah and Tahir 1997).From the tourism receipts (tourism revenue) contribution, there exists a steady growth. For example, tourism receipts increased from RM17.40 billion in 2000 to RM24.20 billion a year later and then increased further to RM25.80 billion (2002), RM29.7 billion (2004) and RM32.00 billion in 2005. In 2006 Malaysia received RM36.3 billion (USD10.4 billion) in tourism receipts. (The Financial Express 2007).A correspond of 24.6 million tourists arrived in Malaysia and spent RM56.5 billion in 2010 compared with 23.6 million tourists spent RM53.4 billion in 2009. Tourism is the 2nd largest industry in the country after manufacturing and has been growing since 2000 with international arrivals increasing by 9% per year. (New Straits Times 2011)The tourism industry in Malaysia is an important foreign exchange earner, contributing to economic growth, attracting investments and providing employment. The focus of the government is to enhance the countrys position as a leading foreign tourist destination, part promoting domestic tourism. (The Malaysia Governments Official Portal 2012).2.1.1 Importance of HotelsThe hotel industry in Malaysia is expanding rapidly due to the increase of foreign tourist. Tourism statistics of Malaysia has infixed MYR49.6 billion (about USD14.2 billion) earning from tourists in 2008, with 31.2% of the total tourist expenditures coming from travel accommodations (Euromonitor International, 2009).Without a dubt one of the main components that allow for put tourists in a positive mood and also affect their satisfaction is Acco mmodation.(Ekiz, 2009) .Here, hospitality establishments in general and luxury hotels, is documented well to be very important.(Heung and Lam, 2003). Malaysian hotels accommodated 68,886,154 guests in 2008 and had an average occupancy rate of 66%. The number of rooms supplied during 2008 increased by 3.4% (total of 165,739 rooms), while the number of hotels increased by 0.6% (total hotels 2,373) as compared to 2007 entropy.( Malaysia Statistics)According to Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board (2010) a total of 61,363,396 hotel guests were hosted in 2009, corresponding 60.9% occupancy rate. Hotels and restaurants alone provided employment for 1.7 million people, equivalent to 16% of the total employment in 2009 (Economic Planning Unit, 2010).Form the info mentioned above it is overtake that the average occupancy rate in Malaysia hotel industry is significant even in the years 2008 and 2009 that the world was experiencing a recession period. As a result of the economy recovering , it is expected that this industry will face a difficult growth in the number of tourists and occupancy rates .It should be mentioned that ,the growth of this industry has a significant impact on other related activities ,too. Food and beverage, entertainment and also shopping in Malaysia are some of those other activities.(Poon and Low 2005)2.2 Tourists SatisfactionOliver (1981) claims that tourist satisfaction can be seen as a tourists post-purchase evaluation of the destination. In many studies, satisfaction is distinguished as an source of loyalty ( Kozak, 2001 Jang Feng,2006). Although Oppermann (2000) states that studies on tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty have not been thoroughly investigated, ki and Qu (2008, p. 624) claim that client satisfaction has always been considered an natural traffic goal because it was assumed that satisfied customer would buy more. Although measuring tourist satisfaction is not simple, several studies have been conducted to examine t he influence of customer satisfaction on loyalty (Gummesson, 1993 Anderson and Fornell, 1994 Um et al., 2006 Hui et al., 2007). Gotlieb et al. (1994) assert that positive satisfaction has positive influence on tourists repurchase intention. Similarly, Baker Crompton (2000) Petrick et al. (2001), and Jang Feng (2006) have highlighted that satisfaction is the primary precursor of revisit intention.Importantly, there is an agreement among several scholars that satisfaction provide a ground for revisit and positive word of mouth recommendations which are the indicators of loyalty (e.g. Kozak Rimmington, 2000 Yoon Uysal 2005 Chi and Qu, 2008). In another view, Um et al. (2006, p. 1141) state that revisit intention has been regarded as an extension of satisfaction rather than an initiator of revisit decision making process. Kozak (2001) pointed that level of satisfaction as one of the most dominant variables in explaining revisit intention. Accordingly, in tourism destinations resear ches, it has been widely underlined that tourist satisfaction, loyalty and revisit intention have strong relationship (eg. Yoon Usal, 2005 Awadzi Panda, 2007), while a few studies disapproved the positive relationship between tourist satisfaction and revisit intention ( e.g. Um et al., 2006).2.2.1 Other Variables Affecting Tourists Satisfaction with HotelsTourists satisfaction with a hotel is a result of many aspects, such as their perception of product elements experienced as well as their expectations before- and during their stay. People go on holiday to satisfy one or several of their needs, whatever these needs are. To achieve satisfaction people try to behave in a cerebral way. (Nina K. Prebensen) Some variables which affect tourists satisfaction are 2.2.1.1 LocationWhen traveling, youll find that the locations of your hotels will play a big role in your overall enjoyment of the trip. Thats because a well-located hotel will significantly cut down on the amount of duration you waste in traffic or trying to navigate an unfamiliar place. For business travelers, centrally-located hotels will increase productivity by allowing them more time to work and meet with colleagues. Location is an important reason for selecting a hotel, especially for economy and mid-scale guests. ( Jonathan Barsky Lenny Nash 2003 )2.2.1.2 Facilities lucky hotels and accommodation facilities play a very important role in popularizing any tourist destination. If a person, who is quite far away from home, gets to enjoy the corresponding facilities and comforts as he enjoys at his home, then he is bound to become attached to the place. On the other hand if the tourist ends up at a place where the hotels and accommodation facilities are not satisfactory, it is quite likely that he might never return to that place. (Suman Ahliya 2008)2.2.1.3 PriceIn his article, Jerry Garner mentions that more often than not, price is the major factor influencing satisfaction with a hotel. The more money saved on the cost of the hotel, the more you have for other things, such as souvenirs, dining out and even extending your stay.2.2.1.4 BrandIn hospitality industry, it takes time to get the trust of your target market unless your business is under the comprehensive of a well-established name. As you gain trust from your target market, brand loyalty and customers satisfaction will follow. This will include loyal customers and sales promotion for your hotel. However, a good reputation is defeated if quality is not included in the purchase. (Joyce Ira 2010)2.2.1.5 Cleanliness and HygieneKnutson (1988) argued that tourists considered cleanliness as important in selecting a hotel for the first time and revisits. Lockyer (2002, 2005) noted that cleanliness was highly rated by hotel guests as the main hotel selection determinant. Callan (1998) stressed that cleanliness of hotel room has been identified as the most important factor. Dolnicar (2002) further argued that hygiene and c leanliness was one very critical factor influencing tourists satisfaction.2.2.1.6 Guest ExperienceThe experiences of guests during their hotel stay directly impact repeat visits and recommendations (personal and online reviews, e.g., TripAdvisor). A positive/negative guest experience can impact a hotels reputation and may trigger recommendations or reviews about that experience. Guest experience factors which include past experience, reputation, recommendations, and online reviews, are critical to selecting a hotel by the majority of hotel guests. ( Jonathan Barsky Lenny Nash 2003 )2.2.1.7 Safety and SecurityKnutson (1988) mentioned that leisure travellers were mainly concerned with a hotels safety and security. This concern might stem from the idea that leisure trips often involve families, and these travellers have a high sensitivity to what may occur around them when their families are involved. Marshall (1993) and Clow et al. (1994) revealed that security was cited as one of t he most important criteria in selecting a hotel. Tourists want to be safe and secure in their accommodation, and are willing to pay for this. The safety and security system may differentiate one property from its competition, hence becoming a competitive strategy that helps a hotel to gain tourists confidence and trust. Ananth et al. (1992) found that leisure travelers were likely to express concern with regard to a hotels reputation and name familiarity.2.3 English Language2.3.1 What is a Global Language?When a language develops in such a way that it can be recognised in every country we can say that it has achieved a global status. when a large number of people speak a language and that language is their mother tongue while that language has taken up by other countries across the glob we can say that language has gain a global status. In the case of English, united States of America, Britain, South Africa, Australia, Ireland , New Zealand, Canada, several Caribbean countries and e tc. this language has been spoken as their mother tongue and in some countries like Ghana, Malaysia, Nigeria , India , Singapore , Vanuatu and etc. English has a special status.( Crystal, 1997)According to Crystal there exist 2 ways which we can help a language to be globalised Firstly, we can make it the official language of a country and use it as the only medium of communication in every domain such as courts, media, education , and politics.Secondly, while a language has no official status we have it as the prior language in the educational system and use it as the language of teaching.2.3.2 A language in commonIn his book, English as a Global Language, Crystal says that the idea of a sensation, common language emerged in the 20th century, particularly during the 1950s .Around this time, many international agencies and organizations were being formed. With the numerous languages of the component countries, interpreters were a critical element in the progress of these organiza tions. Crystal states that half the budget of international organizations can easily be consumed on translation and recital expenses.He also believe that when we have so many languages to translate, we will loose some information with each subsequent translation. He then argues that a global language is very necessary in preserving and conveying important information.2.3.3 English as a global languageIn his book, English as a Global Language, Crystal states that By the beginning of the nineteenth century, Britain had become the worlds leading industrial and trading country .This position allowed the British to spread English around the globe. The power of English was further developed by the growth of the fall in States.During the twentieth century, this world presence was maintained and promoted almost single-handedly through and through the economic supremacy of the new American superpower. As English-speaking nations acquired power, so to did their language.English is now the m ost widely taught foreign language in the world. English before long holds some form of special status in over 70 countries and is spoken fluently or competently by about one poop of the worlds population ( Crystal ,1997)2.3.4 English language in MalaysiaNowadays people in any countries use English, the cause was the United Kingdom Empire and United State of America as a dominance in economic was another cause later on.This language became the international language because its user had the most political and economic power of the world( Crystal ,1997)English then became more than just international , it changes to be the global language. International languages existed before speared as a result of settlement , inhabitation, migration and colonalization but some factors make English a different international language such as its prestige in the cultivation , science , technology and so many fields. This helped English to become globalized.(Leitner 1992)In Malaysia English langua ge is assumed a second language. A language as a result of British colonisation. During the colonisation , the English language was used by the British who had a long presence in this adopted land . Since then English has existed in Malaysia for more than 150 years in Malaysia. After Malaysia independency in 1957 , Malay Language replaced the English language( Crystal , 2005)English language together with Putonghua have approximately 1.5 billions of speakers . So these two languages are the two most spoken languages round the world by the greatest number of people . Tourist from countries that English is the official language like United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand communicate through English. In Europe in 19 countries out of 29 countries, English language was the language which is the most common one( European commission 2006)Chapter 3 MethodologyIn this chapter our first goal is to collect and record everyday English interactions within the tourism industry. Observa tion of interactions between tourism staff and tourists will be recorded in some hotels in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 10 hotels will be observed. All interactions will be observed through naturalistic notification and each interaction involves at least one tourism employee and at least one customer. In all the steps the researcher will make use of the advices of at least 3 official tour guides in Malaysia.3.1 ParticipantsAccording to Gay ( 1987) Random sampling is the best singe way to obtain a representative sample, No technique, not even random sampling , guarantees a representative sample , but the prob competency is higher for this procedure than for any other.20 (males and females) hospitality staff at ten hotels is spillage to be observed. Within hotels, front desk staff, concierges, direction assistants, and food and beverage staff will be observed as the interaction between tourists and hotel staff is important for the researcher.40 tourists (male and female) who stayed at ea ch hotel will be asked to complete a questionnaire.A linguist will accompany the researcher in every observation makes.3 official tour guides from MTGC (Malaysia Tour Guide Association) will contribute the researcher for getting more information.3.2 SettingTen hotels (3 to 5 stars) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, will be selected from the www.agoda.com travel and hotel guide website, this site is organized these hotels by rates, price and region of location. The researcher will choose those hotels which are suggested by the official tour guides.3.3 InstrumentationSuskie (1996)believes that reliability and validity are very important to design a questionnaire. However it is difficult to develop designing a questionnaire which approaches a consistency level of response.According to Robson (1993) responses are reliable when they are obtained from the same sets of questions answered by the populationThe survey instruments are A paper questionnaire containing questions about the level of sat isfaction of the tourist who stayed in the hotels will be administered to all tourists with the same sets of questions. A set of 6 open ended questions for the semi-structured interview, will be asked from the hotel staffs, by the researcher. A voice recorder device for the linguist, to help her analyze and rate the English Language proficiency of the hotel staffs is needed too.In addition to the surveys and interviews, as supplements to the information, the author also tries to gather secondary data from tour guides. These include reports , comments, complaints and discussions by official tour guides.3.4 DesignA mixed method design can be described as a kind of research in which a researcher combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques, methods, approaches, concepts, or language into a single study (Johnson 2004).A mixed method design combines the strength of both quantitative and qualitative research approaches.Connelly (2009, pp.31) believes that the goal of mixed me thods research is to draw on the strengths and denigrate the weaknesses of both types of research.This research involves both qualitative and quantitative data analyses approaches because the investigation resulted in the gathering of a variety of types of information. To be more specific, quantitative data obtained through surveys ( questionnaire) among tourists and qualitative data obtained through interviews.For the Research methodology which has been designed to collect data from a specific population or samples selected from that population we typically apply survey. Questionnaires or interviews are commonly used for the instrumentation.(Robinson ,1993).To get data from individuals surveys are useful .sample surveys are important tools to collect and analyze data obtained from selected individuals .to conduct and apply basic social science, surveys are broadly accepted as a key tool for the research methodology. ( Rossi , 1983)Questionnaires has some advantages over interviews and other methods of data collecting, they are not expensive and they are much more easier to conduct and to be administered.( Leary 1995)3.5 ProcedureAt each hotel, the researcher together with a linguist will enter the establishment acting as friends and observed the same interactions for 45-90 minutes. Researcher tries to be inconspicuous by either posing as a visitors waiting for someone in the lobby lounge, or by having a food or beverages at the lobby caf or restaurant.After the interactions ended, the researcher will introduce himself to the front desk staff with a semi-structured interview he will ask questions about the number of languages spoken at the hotel and the kinds of customers that regularly stay at the hotel. This data will collect so that possible correlations between price range, target audience, and number of languages spoken at the hotel can be analyzed.Then the linguist will rate the staffs observed. Level of English ratings will be conducted by a speaking r ubric which includes six aspects of effective speech vocabulary, pronunciation, grammatical accuracy, flow, and ability to engage in meaningful conversation. Level of Formality will be determined based on four criteria degree of honorifics (e.g., sir madam), use of slang and conversational terms, jokes, and percent of talk related to business. Notes will be taken about the price range of the hotels and the position (e.g., sales associate, concierge, front desk employee) of the tourism staff involves in the interaction.At the final step, the 3 official tour guides (from Malaysia Tour Guide Association) will check the result and will comment on the findings.

International business Policy

International craft PolicyINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS POLICY scruplePorters note that unfluctuatings, not individual nation , postulate in internationalistic market. How does this statement help to justify some of the major challenges facing MNEs? How do the determinants of national competitive advantage help explain how companies can maintain their economic competitiveness?Answer International business is a exchanging goods and gains , conducted between individuals and businesses in multiple countries. Historically, international business activity first took the form of exporting and importing. Exporting is the selling of product ,goods or services supplied from ones own domain for put on in other countries . Importing is the buying of products ,goods or services made in other countries for use in ones own country.Exporting and importing activities argon often divided into two groups. first, trade in goods ,that is, tangible product such as clothing, computers , and raw materia ls. Second, Trade in services, that is ,intangible products such as banking , travel and accounting activities http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/international-business.htmlInternational business activity can to a fault take others forms .* Licensing* Franchising* Management contract* International businessLicensing is a contractual arrangement In which a firm in one country licenses the use of its intellectual property for e.g. patents, trademark, brand name , copyrights or trade secrets to a firm in a second country in return for a royalty paymentFranchising , a specialized form of licensing ,occurs when a firm in one country authorized a firm in a second country to utilize its operating system s as well as its brand name ,trademarks , and logos in return for a royalty payment. For example , McDonalds corporation franchise its fast food eating house world wide .A Management contract is an arrangement wherein a firm is one country agrees to operate facilities or provide o ther caution services to a firm in another countries for agreed upon fees. For example hotel industries.International business as any organization that engages in a deal-border commercial-grade transaction with individuals ,private firms or public sector organizationA firm is a commercial partnership of two or more person , especially, when unincorporated. similarly the name or designation under which a company transacts business. Any business , sole proprietorship, partnership or a corporationThe term transnational entrepreneurs is used to identify firms that have extensive involvement in international business. An another definition of multinational corporation is a firm that engaged in foreign direct investment an owns and controls value-adding activities in more than one country MNEs generally coordinate their activities from a central headquarters but may also allow their affiliates or subsidiaries in foreign markets considerable latitude in adjusting their operation to loc al circumstances. Some MNEs , such as accounting partnership and Lloyds of London, be not true corporation, Some writers distinguish between multinational corporations and multinational enterprises . Further , not for profit organization ,such as the IOC and the International red cross , are not true enterprises ,so the term multinational organization can be used when one wants to refer to both for not for profit-seeking organization. Because of the common use of multinational corporation in the business press, however , Multinational enterprises facing a major challenges , Some of them are as under Economics and cash conversion Legal systems or Types of system Culture Availability of resources Market withdrawal Government policy Political legal environment and Government powerfulnessIn a domestic business strategy, a single country at a specified level of Economic maturation in a focus of the firms entrepreneurial efforts. The entire country is almost always organized as a si ngle economic system and has the same currency. Creating a business for a multicounty are means dealing with differences in level of economic development, currency valuation government regulation and banking, venture capital and marketing system. wholeness of the biggest problems entrepreneurs have is raising capital. The amount of private equity capital investment varies greatly by the area of the world, and the amount available is significantly less elsewhere than the united state. In addition, the countries may use different currencies, forcing at least one party to convert its currency for another. So MNEs face currency supersede problem. The legal systems may vary or even be in compatible. In different countries used there own system of business. Like some(prenominal) such barter system or third party arrangement have been used to increase the amount of business activity of the former U.S.S.R. and easterly and central European countries, as well as other countries in various stages of development and transition .The cultures may differ and the resources may vary. Culture is encompasses a wide variety of elements ,including a language, social situation, religions , governmental philosophy, economic philosophy education, and manners and customs. The availability of resources ,For example, one country may be rich in natural resources, but poor in skilled labor. Also e.g. U K, U S A , AND CANADA are well developed in technologically than growth countries like Africa , India, Pakistan Still, the basic skills and knowledge needed to be successful are generally similar whether one is doing business domestically or internationally.Tax aspiration countries and sometimes sub national regions must compete against each other for the establishment of MNEs facilitates, and the subsequent Tax revenue- a measure is a financial place upon an individual or legal entity by a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law, employment ,and economic activity. To compete, countries and regional political districts sometimes offer Incentives is a any financial or non-financial factor that motivate a particular course of work to MNEs such as tax breaks, pledges of government assistance or glowed infrastructure and labor standards enforcement. Foreign direct Investment Foreign direct investment made for the purpose of actively exacting property ,assets or companies located in host countries, such as factories, building, machinery, land and mines, grow up of foreign direct investment can be used as one of improvement of economic globalization. Map below show net inflow of foreign direct investment as a percentage of gross domestic product. The big flows of foreign direct investment occurs between the industrialized countries like, western Europe and Japan, North America. But flow to non-industrialized countries are grows up sharply.Market withdrawal-government policy- Multinational enterprises having a significant impact on government policy b ecause of its size, basically through the threat of market withdrawal, for example , in order to reduce healthcare costs, some countries have tried to force pharmaceutical companies to license their patented drugs to local competitors for a very low fee, so automatically lowering the price ,when faced with the threats multinational pharmaceutical firm have simply withdrawn from the market. Political-legal environment- the multiplicity of political and legal environments in the international market creates vastly different business problem, opening some market opportunities for entrepreneurs and eliminating others. for example , U S environmental standards have eliminated the possibility of entrepreneur establishing ventures to imports several(prenominal) models of Europeans cars. It also involves the price fluctuations and significant increases in oil and other energy products in the last few years.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporationDeterminants of nation competiti ve advantagesMichael Porter tried to explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry and identified quatern attributes that promote or impede the knowledgeability of competitive advantageFactor endowmentsDemand conditionsRelating and supporting industriesFirm strategy, structure, and rivalryFactor endowments refer to a nations position in factors of production necessary to compete in a given industry. A nations position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage. These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced .(skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) Demand conditions refer to the nature of home demand for the industrys product or service. The nature of home demand for the industrys product or service influences the development of capabilities. Sophisticated and demanding customers pressure firms to be competitive.Relating and supporting industries refer to the presence or absence of provider industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. The presence supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive can spill over and contribute to other industries. Successful industries tend to be grouped in clusters in countries having world class manufacturers of semi-conductor processing equipment can lead to (and be a result of having) a competitive semi-conductor industryFirm strategy, structure, and rivalry refers to the conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry The conditions in the nation governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry impacts firm competitiveness. Different management ideologies bushel the development of national competitive advantageVigorous domestic rivalry creates pressures to innovate, to improve quality, to reduce costs, and to invest in upgrading advanced features Government pol icy can affect demand through product standards influence rivalry through regulation and antitrust laws impact the availability of highly educated workers and advanced transportation infrastructure. The four attributes, government policy, and chance work as a reinforcing system, complementing each other and in combination creating the conditions appropriate for competitive advantage

Ecstasy, the Brain, and Serotonin (MIA) :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Ecstasy, the Brain, and Serotonin (MIA)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), or ecstasy, is a synthetic, psychoactive drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Ecstasy is an often talked about drug due to its recent popularity and rapid spread amongst teenagers especially. Many newspapers and magazines have featured articles in the past 5 years highlighting the danger of this easily made drug, and its rampant using up in the club/rave scene of almost all Western countries. The complete effects of ecstasy are still unknown, although much research has been produced that shows the mischievous effects of the drug on the brain. Ecstasy is also controversial because the content of pills varies widely buyers and sometimes sellers dont really know what each pill consists of (1). The results of a discipline published in 2002 set out with the purpose of examining the prevalence and patterns of ecstasy use among college students, and to determine charac teristics, associated behaviors, and interests of ecstasy users. These results showed that from 1997-1999, ecstasy use increased significantly in every college subgroup except for noncompetitive schools. The variable most strongly associated with ecstasy use was found to be marijuana. In terms of social context, MDMA users were to a greater extent likely to spend large amounts of time socializing, attend residential colleges, and belong to a fraternity or sorority. The first study that provided direct evidence that continuing use of ecstasy causes brain damage was published in 1999. The study used advanced brain imaging techniques (PET scan) to show that MDMA harms neurons that release serotonin, a chemical that is thought to play an important role in memory, among other functions. The PET scans showed significant reductions in the number of serotonin transporters, the sites on neuron surfaces that reabsorb serotonin from the space between cells after it has completed its work. Th e lasting reduction of serotonin transporters occurred throughout the brain. This study and others suggest that brain damage and the amount of MDMA ingested are directly correlated (2). But what are the functional consequences?The functional consequences of ecstasy use have just begun to be explored in the past hardly a(prenominal) years. Another study, published in 2000, found that heavy ecstasy users (30-1000 occasions) as opposed to non-ecstasy users, reported significantly higher scores on tests for somatisation, obsessionality, anxiety, hostility, phobic-anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, brusk appetite, an restless or disturbed sleep. Another interesting effect of MDMA found was a significantly higher degree of impulsivity.